PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		European Faunal Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan						Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian							0.0042
				Greenlandian							0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							0.0117
				Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian						Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian						Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian						Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian						Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian							1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Villanyian		2.58
				Piacenzian					Ruscinian		3.1 *
				Zanclean							3.6
				Zanclean						Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian					Turolian		5.333
				Tortonian					Turolian		7.246
									Vallesian		8.7
									Vallesian	Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian					Astaracian	Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian						Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian							13.82
				Burdigalian					Orleanian		15.98
										Hemingfordian	16.3
										Arikareean	18.5
									Agenian		20
				Aquitanian					Agenian		20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
				Rupelian			Kekeamuan				27.82
										Whitneyan	29.5
										Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian						Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian						Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian						Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian				Bumbanian		Bridgerian	47.8
										Wasatchian	50.5
										Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Gashatan			Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian			Gashatan			Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian						Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian						Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian						Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian						Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
				Campanian							72.1
				Santonian							83.6
				Coniacian							86.3
				Turonian							89.8
				Cenomanian							93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
				Aptian							113
				Barremian							121.4
				Hauterivian							125.77
				Valanginian							132.6
				Berriasian							139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
				Kimmeridgian							149.2
				Oxfordian							154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
				Bathonian							165.3
				Bajocian							168.2
Aalenian				170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
			Kasimovian	303.7
			Moscovian	307
			Bashkirian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
		Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
			Aeronian	438.5
			Rhuddanian	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian	445.2
			Sandbian	453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
			Jiangshanian	489.5
			Paibian	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	497
			Drumian	500.5
			Wuliuan	504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	509
		Series 2	Stage 3	514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran			Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
		Ediacaran			Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
		Cryogenian					635
		Tonian					720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					1000
		Ectasian					1200
		Calymmian					1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian					1600
		Orosirian					1800
		Rhyacian					2050
		Siderian					2300
Archean	Neoarchean						2500
	Mesoarchean						2800
	Paleoarchean						3200
	Eoarchean						3600
Hadean							4000
											4600