PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of North America						Devonian of Eastern North America		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cambrian of Siberia			North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan																Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian																	0.0042
				Greenlandian																	0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
				Late Pleistocene																Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian																Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian																Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian																Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian																Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian																	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	2.58
				Zanclean																	3.6
				Zanclean																Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
				Tortonian																	7.246
				Tortonian																Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian																Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian																Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian																	13.82
				Burdigalian																	15.98
																				Hemingfordian	16.3
																				Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian																	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
				Rupelian																	27.82
																				Whitneyan	29.5
																				Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian																Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian																Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian																Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian																Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian																Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian																Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian																Bridgerian	47.8
																				Wasatchian	50.5
																				Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian																Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian																Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian																Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian																Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian																Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian																Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
				Campanian																	72.1
				Santonian																	83.6
				Coniacian																	86.3
				Turonian																	89.8
				Cenomanian																	93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
				Aptian																	113
				Barremian																	121.4
				Hauterivian																	125.77
				Valanginian																	132.6
				Berriasian																	139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
				Kimmeridgian																	149.2
				Oxfordian																	154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
				Bathonian																	165.3
				Bajocian																	168.2
				Aalenian																	170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	174.7
				Pliensbachian																	184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian	Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
			Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean	Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian					Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian		450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian					Chatfieldian		453
								Turinian		453.7 *
							Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
			Dapingian								467.3
			Dapingian					Rangerian			469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian					Tulean				473.9 *
			Tremadocian					Tulean				Ungurian	477.7
								Stairsian					480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †		482 *
											Demingian †		Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
			Stage 10													Niuchehean		487.5
			Jiangshanian													Jiangshanian		489.5
												Aksaian	Aksaian					490.7 *
												Sakian	Sakian					492.2 *
			Paibian													Paibian		494
															Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
															Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Ayusokkanian	Ayusokkanian			Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
			Guzhangian										Mayan/Menevian			Guzhangian		499.5
			Drumian									Zhanaarykian				Drumian		500.5
			Drumian									Tuesaian				Drumian		503
			Wuliuan									Tuesaian	Amgan/Solvan			Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
			Wuliuan													Wuliuan/Taijangian		505.3
		Series 2	Stage 4													Duyunian		509
Toyonian												Toyonian	Lenian †	510 *
Botomian												Botomian		512.5 *
Botomian			Stage 3									Botomian		Nangaoian		514
Atdabanian			Stage 3									Atdabanian		Nangaoian		515.6 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Tommotian									Tommotian		Meishucunian		521
		Stage 2										Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian											Manykaian †			529
		Fortunian											Manykaian †	Jinnigian		530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †		Poundian †			538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †		Wonokan †			571.7 *
																					635