PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of China		Permian of North America		Devonian of France	European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of Britain			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene										Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene										Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian												Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian								MN 17					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene						MN 16					2.58
		Piacenzian		Late Pliocene						MN 15					3.2
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene						MN 15					3.6
										MN 14					4.2
										MN 14				Hemphillian	4.7
										MN 13					4.9
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene						MN 13					5.333
		Tortonian								MN 12					7.246
										MN 11					7.75
										MN 10					8.7
										MN 10				Clarendonian	9.4
										MN 9					9.7
										MN 7 + 8					11.1
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene											11.63
														Barstovian	12.5
										MN 6					12.8 *
		Langhian								MN 5					13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene						MN 4					15.98
										MN 4				Hemingfordian	16.3
										MN 3				Hemingfordian	16.9
										MN 3				Arikareean	18.5
										MN 2					20
		Aquitanian								MN 2					20.44
		Aquitanian								MN 1					22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene											23.03
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene											27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene										Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian		Late Eocene										Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene										Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian												Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene										Bridgerian	47.8
														Wasatchian	50.5
														Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene										Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian		Late Paleocene										Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene										Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene										Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian		Early Paleocene										Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian		Early Paleocene										Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
		Kimmeridgian	149.2
		Oxfordian	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
		Bathonian	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian	Wordian		264.28
		Roadian	Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian			Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian			Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian				298.9
		Kasimovian	Late Pennsylvanian				303.7
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian				307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian				323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian				330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Pragian					Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill				Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan	445.2
								Cautleyan	448.9 *
								Pusgillian	449.3 *
				Caradoc				Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
								Cheneyan		451.5 *
								Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian								453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
								Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
								Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn				Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig				Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Fennian			470
								Whitlandian			471.1 *
								Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc				Migneintian			477.7
				Tremadoc				Cressagian			480.8 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian									Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian									Paibian		494
		Paibian									Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian									Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan									Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3									Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian									Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian									Jinnigian		530.7
															538.8