PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126557 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Britain				Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian of Britain		Permian of North America	Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan																Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene																Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian																Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian																Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian																Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian																Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	2.58
		Zanclean																	3.6
		Zanclean																Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Tortonian																Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian																Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian																Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
																		Hemingfordian	16.3
																		Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
		Rupelian																	27.82
																		Whitneyan	29.5
																		Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian																Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian																Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian																Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian																Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian																Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian																Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian																Bridgerian	47.8
																		Wasatchian	50.5
																		Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian																Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian																Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian																Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian																Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian																Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian																Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian														Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian														Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian														Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian														Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian														Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														Late Albian			100.5
																Middle Albian			106.2 *
																Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian														Late Aptian			113
		Aptian														Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian														Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian														Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian														Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian														Late Berriasian			139.8
																Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
																Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan											Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian														Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian														Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan											Late Kimmeridgian			150
			Early Kimmeridgian		Ohauan	152.2 *
			Early Kimmeridgian		Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras				Late Bajocian	168.2
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				Late Bajocian	168.4
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta				Late Toarcian	174.7
			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	Herangi	Ururoan			176
			Planulata					179.3 *
								Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
							Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Kanense						181.3 *
			Carlottense						182.3 *
			Carlottense				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
			Kunae				Early Toarcian		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
			Freboldi						185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi						Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Aratauran					188.9
										189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras						Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras					Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian						201.4
		Norian		Warepan				Sevatian		208.5
								Alaunian		213.2 *
								Lacian		216.7 *
				Otamitan						217
				Oretian						221
		Carnian		Oretian				Tuvalian		227
			Gore	Kaihikuan				Tuvalian		227.5
								Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Longobardian		237
				Etalian				Longobardian		238
								Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian						Illyrian		242
								Pelsonian		243.8 *
								Bithynian		244.7 *
								Aegean		245.5 *
				Malakovian				Aegean		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Spathian		247.2
								Smithian		248.9 *
				Nelsonian				Smithian		249
		Induan						Dienerian		251.2
								Griesbachian		251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan				Griesbachian		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan						251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian						253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian						254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan						254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian						Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian						Wordian	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian						Wordian	266
		Roadian								Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
				Mangapirian							Cathedralian	276
											Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian										283.5
				Telfordian								285
				Telfordian						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
												288.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				Nealian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian						298.9
		Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian						303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian						307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian						323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian						330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian										358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian										372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian										382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian										387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian										393.3
		Pragian										407.6
		Lochkovian										410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ashgill			Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian										Rawtheyan	445.2
					Cautleyan		448.9 *
					Pusgillian		449.3 *
					Caradoc		Streffordian		Onnian †			449.6 *
							Cheneyan					451.5 *
							Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian										453
									Actonian †			453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †				455.2 *
							Aurelucian		Longvillian †				456.8 *
							Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn						458.4
		Darriwilian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						461.3 *
		Dapingian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						467.3
		Dapingian			Arenig		Fennian						468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian						470
							Whitlandian						471.1 *
							Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Tremadoc		Migneintian						477.7
					Tremadoc		Cressagian						480.8 *
													485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10												Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian						489.5						Festiniogian
		Jiangshanian						Maentwrogian						493.1 *
		Paibian						Maentwrogian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						St Davids						497
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan												504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Caerfai						509
	Series 2	Stage 3												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																			538.8