PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126700 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Silurian of England		Cambrian of North America		European Faunal Zones	European Faunal Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran							Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian									Rancholabrean	0.129
											Irvingtonian	0.21
				Castlecliffian								0.34
		Calabrian										0.774
											Blancan	1.4
				Nukumaruan								1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan					MN 17			1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian					MN 17			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian					MN 16	Villanyian		2.58
				Waipipian						Villanyian		3
										Ruscinian		3.1 *
									MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean										3.6
				Opoitian								3.7
									MN 14			4.2
									MN 14		Hemphillian	4.7
									MN 13			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean						Turolian		5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan								7.2
		Tortonian							MN 12			7.246
									MN 11			7.75
									MN 10	Vallesian		8.7
									MN 10		Clarendonian	9.4
									MN 9			9.7
			Southland	Waiauan					MN 9			11.04
									MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian								Astaracian		11.63
											Barstovian	12.5
									MN 6			12.8 *
				Lillburnian					MN 6			13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian					MN 5			13.82
				Clifdenian								15.1
			Pareora	Altonian								15.9
		Burdigalian							MN 4	Orleanian		15.98
									MN 4		Hemingfordian	16.3
									MN 3		Hemingfordian	16.9
											Arikareean	18.5
				Otaian								18.7
									MN 2	Agenian		20
		Aquitanian										20.44
			Landon	Waitakian								21.7
									MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
				Duntroonian								25.2
				Whaingaroan								27.3
		Rupelian										27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian									Chadronian	33.9
			Arnold	Runangan								34.6
				Kaiatan								36.7
											Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian										37.71
				Bortonian								39.1
											Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian										41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
				Heretaungan								45.7
					Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian				47.8
				Mangaorapan		48.9
				Mangaorapan	Wasatchian	50.5
				Waipawan	Wasatchian	52
				Waipawan	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean		90.5
				Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian					425.6
		Gorstian			Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian			Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Telychian					436.3 *
		Aeronian					438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian	Steptoean				493 *
		Paibian	Steptoean				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian	Albertian †			497
		Drumian	Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan				504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †			509
		Stage 4	Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran				514
			Montezuman				514.8 *
			Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
												538.8