PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126536 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of North America		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cambrian of Australia	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian											Rancholabrean	0.129
													Irvingtonian	0.21
				Castlecliffian										0.34
		Calabrian												0.774
													Blancan	1.4
				Nukumaruan										1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan										1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian										2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian										2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian										3
		Zanclean		Waipipian										3.6
				Opoitian										3.7
				Opoitian									Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean										5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan										7.2
		Tortonian												7.246
													Clarendonian	9.4
			Southland	Waiauan										11.04
		Serravallian												11.63
													Barstovian	12.5
				Lillburnian										13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian										13.82
				Clifdenian										15.1
			Pareora	Altonian										15.9
		Burdigalian												15.98
													Hemingfordian	16.3
													Arikareean	18.5
				Otaian										18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian										20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian										21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							23.03
				Duntroonian										25.2
				Whaingaroan										27.3
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan								27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							Chadronian	33.9
			Arnold	Runangan										34.6
				Kaiatan										36.7
													Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								37.71
				Bortonian										39.1
													Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian												41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan										42.6
				Heretaungan										45.7
													Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian							47.8
				Mangaorapan										48.9
				Mangaorapan									Wasatchian	50.5
				Waipawan									Wasatchian	52
				Waipawan									Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian		Gashatan							Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian				Gashatan							Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian											Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian											Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian											Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian											Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian				66
		Campanian		Haumurian				72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
				Mangaotanean				90.5
				Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan				93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
				Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan				100.5
				Urutawan				103.3
			Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian		Korangan				113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian							Wordian	264.28
		Wordian						Noginskian	Wordian	264.9 *
		Roadian							Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
								Pavlovoposadian		Cathedralian	276.8 *
										Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian								Hessian	283.5
									Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
								Rusavkinian			287.6 *
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian								Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian						Dorogomilovian				303.7
								Khamovnikian				304.8
								Krevyakinian				305.8 *
								Krevyakinian				305.9
		Moscovian						Myachkovian				307
							Podolskian	308.9 *
							Kashirian	311.4 *
						Vereian	313.8
						Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian				Melekessian	315.2
						Cheremshanian	316.9 *
					Prikamian	318.6 *
					Severokeltmian	319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
					Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian	323.2
					Protvian	324.4 *
					Steshevian	326.8 *
					Tarusian	329 *
		Visean			Venevian	330.9
					Mikhailovian	331.9 *
					Aleksinian	333.7 *
					Tulian	335.8 *
					Bobrikian	339.9 *
					Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian			Kosvian	346.7
				Kizelian	350.7 *
				Cherepetian	351.9 *
				Karakubian	354.4 *
				Upinian	356.3 *
				Malevkian	357.6 *
			Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10		Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian		Iverian	489.5
		Paibian		Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Mindyallan	497
				Mindyallan	Arcadian	498.4
				Boomerangian		499
		Drumian		Undillan		500.5
		Drumian		Floran		503
		Wuliuan		Templetonian		504.5
		Wuliuan		Ordian		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4		Ordian	Branchian	509
		Stage 4				510.8 *
		Stage 3				514
		Stage 3			Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
														538.8