PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125959 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of North America		Permian of the Pamirs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran							Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Tarantian							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Tarantian						Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian			Ionian						Rancholabrean	0.129
											Irvingtonian	0.21
				Castlecliffian								0.34
		Calabrian										0.774
											Blancan	1.4
				Nukumaruan								1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan								1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian								2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian								2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian								3
		Zanclean		Waipipian								3.6
				Opoitian								3.7
				Opoitian							Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean								5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan								7.2
		Tortonian										7.246
											Clarendonian	9.4
			Southland	Waiauan								11.04
		Serravallian										11.63
											Barstovian	12.5
				Lillburnian								13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian								13.82
				Clifdenian								15.1
			Pareora	Altonian								15.9
		Burdigalian										15.98
											Hemingfordian	16.3
											Arikareean	18.5
				Otaian								18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian								20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian								21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
				Duntroonian								25.2
				Whaingaroan								27.3
		Rupelian							Kekeamuan			27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian	33.9
			Arnold	Runangan								34.6
				Kaiatan								36.7
											Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
				Bortonian								39.1
											Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian										41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
				Heretaungan								45.7
											Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian								Bumbanian		47.8
				Mangaorapan								48.9
				Mangaorapan							Wasatchian	50.5
				Waipawan							Wasatchian	52
				Waipawan							Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian					Gashatan		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian							Gashatan		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian									Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian									Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian									Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian									Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian		Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
				Mangaotanean			90.5
				Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan			93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
				Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	100.5
				Urutawan	103.3
			Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian		Korangan	113
		Aptian			117.5
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian		259.51
		Wordian			Midian		264.28
		Wordian			Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian			Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian			Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian			Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian			Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian			Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan	445.2
							Cautleyan	448.9 *
							Pusgillian	449.3 *
						Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan		451.5 *
							Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian		453
				Actonian †				453.2 *
				Marshbrookian †				Woolstonian †	454.2 *
				Longvillian †					455.2 *
				Longvillian †			Aurelucian		456.8 *
			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				Aurelucian	457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn			Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		458.4
		Darriwilian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		461.3 *
		Dapingian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		467.3
		Dapingian	Arenig			Fennian		468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Fennian		470
						Whitlandian		471.1 *
						Moridunian		474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc			Migneintian		477.7
			Tremadoc			Cressagian		480.8 *
								485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian						Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran		514
								Montezuman		514.8 *
								Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
												538.8