PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126130 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Precambrian of Russia	Permian Subages of Germany	Cretaceous Subepochs	Silurian of England		Ordovician of Australia	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Lujanian				0.0117
				Late Pleistocene												Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian												Rancholabrean	0.129
																Irvingtonian	0.21
													Ensenadan				0.3 *
				Calabrian													0.774
																Blancan	1.4
													Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
				Gelasian									Sanandresian				1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Vorohuean				2.58
				Piacenzian									Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
				Zanclean									Chapadmalalan				3.6
													Montehermosan				3.7 *
													Montehermosan			Hemphillian	4.7
													Huayquerian				4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian													5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
													Chasicoan				7.9 *
													Chasicoan			Clarendonian	9.4
													Mayoan				9.9 *
													Laventan				10.9 *
				Serravallian													11.63
																Barstovian	12.5
													Colloncuran				13.7 *
				Langhian									Colloncuran				13.82
				Langhian									Friasian				15.4 *
				Burdigalian									Friasian				15.98
													Santacrucian				16.2 *
													Santacrucian			Hemingfordian	16.3
													Colhuehuapian			Hemingfordian	17.4 *
																Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian													20.44
				Aquitanian									Deseadan				20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
				Rupelian													27.82
													Tinguirirican				28.9 *
																Whitneyan	29.5
																Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian												Chadronian	33.9
													Divisaderan			Chadronian	35.9 *
																Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian												Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian												Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian													41.2
													Mustersan				41.9 *
																Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian													47.8
													Casamayoran				47.9 *
																Wasatchian	50.5
																Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian									Riochican			Clarkforkian	56
													Riochican			Tiffanian	56.2
													Itaboraian				56.9 *
													Peligran				58.9 *
				Selandian													59.2
				Selandian												Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian													61.6
													Tiupampan				62.4 *
													Tiupampan			Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Senonian						Lancian/Edmontonian		66
Campanian				Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
Santonian					83.6
Coniacian					86.3
Turonian					89.8
Cenomanian					93.9
Early Cretaceous			Albian		Gallic	100.5
			Aptian			113
			Barremian			121.4
			Hauterivian		Neocomian	125.77
			Valanginian			132.6
			Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan		145
			Kimmeridgian		Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan		150
						Heterian		154.5
			Oxfordian					154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
			Callovian			Temaikan		164.3
			Bathonian					165.3
			Bajocian					168.2
			Aalenian					170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
			Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan		176
			Pliensbachian			Ururoan		184.2
			Pliensbachian			Aratauran		188.9
			Sinemurian					192.9
			Hettangian					199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
			Norian			Warepan		208.5
						Otamitan		217
						Oretian		221
			Carnian			Oretian		227
			Carnian		Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan		237
			Ladinian			Etalian		238
			Anisian			Etalian		242
			Anisian			Malakovian		246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian		247.2
			Olenekian			Nelsonian		249
			Induan			Nelsonian		251.2
			Induan		DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan		Buntsandstein	251.902
			Changhsingian			Waiitian			253.2
			Wuchiapingian			Waiitian			254.14
			Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan			254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian		Ohre/Aller	259.51
			Wordian			Flettian		Leine	264.28
			Wordian			Barettian		Leine	266
			Roadian						266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
			Kungurian			Mangapirian			276
			Artinskian			Mangapirian			283.5
						Telfordian			285
									288.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian						293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle					Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle					Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	Coalbrookdale					Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian							425.6
			Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4		Buildwas
			Homerian	Wych			Woolhope		428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Telychian						436.3 *
			Aeronian						438.5
			Aeronian	Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
			Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Bolindian	443.8
			Katian						Bolindian	445.2
									Eastonian	449 *
									Gisbornian	452 *
			Sandbian						Gisbornian	453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian	458.4
			Dapingian						Yapeenian	467.3
			Dapingian						Castlemainian	468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian						Chewtonian	470
									Bendigonian	471.8 *
									Lancefieldian	473.5 *
			Tremadocian						Lancefieldian	477.7
			Tremadocian						Warendian	482.8 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							497
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan							504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							509
		Series 2	Stage 3							514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
Fortunian		Terreneuvian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian									Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian						1200			Yurmatian
		Ectasian						Burzyan			1375
																	1400