PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126192 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			European Faunal Units	Ordovician of the Baltic				Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan															Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan															Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian										Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene													Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian													Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian			Cudahyan/Sappan										Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian			Cudahyan/Sappan										Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian			Senecan/Rexroadian												Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Villanyian							Late Pliocene			2.58
		Piacenzian						Ruscinian							Late Pliocene			3.1 *
		Zanclean													Early Pliocene			3.6
		Zanclean			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian										Early Pliocene		Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Turolian							Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian						Turolian								Pannonian		7.246
								Vallesian										8.7
					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Vallesian									Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Astaracian							Middle Miocene	Sarmatian	Clarendonian	11.63
					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											Sarmatian	Barstovian	12.5
																Badenian		12.8 *
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian						Orleanian							Early Miocene			15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian												Hemingfordian	16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian											Arikareean	18.5
								Agenian										20
		Aquitanian						Agenian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Late Oligocene			23.03
						Monroecreekian												23.1 *
						Geringian												24.7 *
		Rupelian				Geringian									Early Oligocene			27.82
																	Whitneyan	29.5
																	Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian										Late Eocene		Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian													Late Eocene		Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian													Middle Eocene		Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan												Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										Early Eocene		Bridgerian	47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean												Wasatchian	50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1										Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								Late Paleocene		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian					To3/To2/To1								Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian					To3/To2/To1								Early Paleocene		Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1								Early Paleocene		Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan														145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan														149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan														150
				Heterian					154.5
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan					164.3
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan					176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan					184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran					188.9
		Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian					201.4
		Norian		Warepan					208.5
				Otamitan					217
				Oretian					221
		Carnian		Oretian					227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan					227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan					237
		Ladinian		Etalian					238
		Anisian		Etalian					242
		Anisian		Malakovian					246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian					247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian					249
		Induan		Nelsonian					251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan					251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan					Meishanian	251.902
				Waiitian				253.2	Meishanian
								Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian						Laoshanian	254.14
				Puruhauan				Laoshanian	254.2
				Puruhauan		Laibinian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		Lengwuan		Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian		Kuhfengian		Wordian	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian				Wordian	266
		Roadian						Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian		Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
				Mangapirian					Cathedralian	276
									Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian								283.5
				Telfordian						285
					Longlinian	285.4 *
						Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian			Zisongian			Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Zisongian	Late Pennsylvanian				298.9
		Gzhelian								300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju			Porkuni	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu	445.2
										Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
							Viru			Rakvere		450.6 *
										Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
										Haljala		453.9
										Kukruse		456.4 *
										Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Uhaku		458.4
										Lasnamagi		458.9 *
										Aseri		460.4 *
							Oeland			Kunda		462.9 *
										Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
										Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian								Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian								Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
											Latorp †		470.1 *
										Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian								Hunneberg			477.7
										Varangu			481.3 *
										Pakerort			482.2 *
													Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
																486.3 *
																486.5
		Jiangshanian														489.5
													Aksaian			490.7 *
													Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian														494
		Paibian													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian											Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian											Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan											Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Amgan/Solvan			509
			Toyonian	Lenian †									510 *
			Botomian										512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian										514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian					515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian		521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian		525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †	529
																		538.8