PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Central Paratethys Stages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of Western Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene			2.58
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene			3.6
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene		Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian				Pannonian						7.246
		Tortonian				Pannonian					Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian				Sarmatian			Middle Miocene		Clarendonian	11.63
						Sarmatian					Barstovian	12.5
						Badenian						12.8 *
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene			15.98
											Hemingfordian	16.3
											Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene			23.03
		Rupelian					Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene			27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene		Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene		Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene		Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian									Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian						Bumbanian	Early Eocene		Bridgerian	47.8
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Gashatan		Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian					Gashatan		Late Paleocene		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian							Early Paleocene		Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian							Early Paleocene		Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Lancian/Edmontonian								66
		Campanian		Judithian/Aquilan								72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
		Asselian	Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Kuzel		Mapingian †	298.9
			Stephanian			Stephanian C				300.3 *
						Stephanian B				300.9 *
						Stephanian A				301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A				303.7
						Cantabrian				305 *
										305.9
		Moscovian								307
			Westphalian			Westphalian D				307.4 *
						Westphalian C				309.8
						Westphalian B				314.6
		Bashkirian				Westphalian B				315.2
						Westphalian A				317 *
			Namurian			Yeadonian				318.8 *
						Marsdenian				320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian				321.5 *
						Alportian				322 *
						Chokierian				323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian		323.2
						Arnsbergian		324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian			Brigantian †	330.9
			Livian			Asbian †	336.3 *
			Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian				346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian				353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian				358.9
			Middle Famennian				365.3 *
			Early Famennian				368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian				372.2
			Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
			Early Frasnian				379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian				382.7
			Middle Givetian				383.7 *
			Early Givetian				385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian				387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian				390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian				393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian				398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian				410.8
			Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
												419.2