PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of the Salt Range	Cambrian of Siberia		Cambrian of Kazakhstan
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean					0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean					0.129
		Chibanian				Irvingtonian					0.21
		Calabrian				Irvingtonian					0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan					1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean				Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian				Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian				Clarendonian					11.63
		Serravallian				Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
						Hemingfordian					16.3
						Arikareean					18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
		Rupelian									27.82
						Whitneyan					29.5
						Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean					37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian				Bridgerian					47.8
						Wasatchian					50.5
						Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian					56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian					56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian					59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian					60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian					61.6
		Danian				Puercan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian							100.5
				Middle Albian							106.2 *
				Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian							113
		Aptian		Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian							139.8
				Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
				Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
			Griesbachian		251.4 *
			Griesbachian		Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Kathwai		251.902
							252.4 *
					Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian			Chhidru		254.14
					Kalabagh		255 *
					Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
							265.3 *
					Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian			Amb		266.9
		Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian	358.9
						Middle Famennian	365.3 *
						Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian	372.2
						Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
						Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian	382.7
						Middle Givetian	383.7 *
						Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian				Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian		410.8
				Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Bolindian	443.8
		Katian				Bolindian	445.2
						Eastonian	449 *
						Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian				Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian				Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian				Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Chewtonian	470
						Bendigonian	471.8 *
						Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian				Lancefieldian	Ungurian	477.7
						Warendian		482.8 *
						Warendian		Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian			Batyrbaian	489.5
			Aksaian			Aksaian			490.7 *
			Sakian			Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian							494
		Paibian						Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian					Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian						499.5
		Drumian						Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian						Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan					Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan							505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4							509
			Toyonian		Lenian †	Toyonian		510 *
			Botomian			Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian			Botomian		514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian			Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian			Tommotian		521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †			529
											538.8