PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126186 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Devonian of Germany	Ordovician of China			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Permian of North America		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene					Nihewanian							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene								Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene								Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene								Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene					Yushean							2.58
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene												3.6
												Hemphillian				4.7
									Baodean							4.9
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene												5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
												Clarendonian				9.4
									Tunggurian							11.1
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene												11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian							Shanwangian							13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene												15.98
												Hemingfordian				16.3
									Xiejiaan			Hemingfordian				16.9
												Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene										Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene										Kekeamuan		27.82
												Whitneyan				29.5
												Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene								Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Priabonian		Late Eocene								Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		37
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene								Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian										Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene								Bridgerian			Bumbanian	47.8
												Wasatchian				50.5
												Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene								Clarkforkian		Gashatan		56
		Thanetian		Late Paleocene								Tiffanian		Gashatan		56.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene								Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene								Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian		Early Paleocene								Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian		Early Paleocene								Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Senonian			66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Gallic			100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian											Neocomian			125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian	Wordian		264.28
		Roadian	Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian			Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian			Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
						Middle Famennian		365.3 *
						Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
						Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
						Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian	Givetian	382.7
						Middle Givetian		383.7 *
						Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian	Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian	Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian	Emsian	393.3
		Emsian				Early Emsian	Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian				Pragian	Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
						Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian					Chientangkiangian				Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				Pusgillian	449.5
										Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
											Cheneyan		451.5 *
											Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian											453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
											Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
											Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
								Guniu †/Hulo			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
								Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo					466.3 *
		Dapingian					Dapingian							467.3
		Dapingian					Dapingian			Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Yiyangian				Fennian			470
											Whitlandian			471.1 *
											Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian					Xinchangian			Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
									Lianghekou †		Migneintian			477.9 *
											Cressagian			480.8 *
														485 *
																485.4