PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126133 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Silurian of England		Devonian of Germany	European Faunal Zones	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean	Wanganui	Haweran						0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean								0.129
				Irvingtonian								0.21
						Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian										0.774
				Blancan								1.4
						Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian				Nukumaruan				MN 17		1.8
		Gelasian				Mangapanian				MN 17		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian				MN 16		2.58
						Waipipian				MN 16		3
										MN 15		3.2
		Zanclean										3.6
						Opoitian						3.7
										MN 14		4.2
				Hemphillian						MN 14		4.7
										MN 13		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian								MN 12		7.246
										MN 11		7.75
										MN 10		8.7
				Clarendonian						MN 10		9.4
										MN 9		9.7
					Southland	Waiauan				MN 9		11.04
										MN 7 + 8		11.1
		Serravallian										11.63
				Barstovian								12.5
										MN 6		12.8 *
						Lillburnian				MN 6		13.05
		Langhian				Lillburnian				MN 5		13.82
						Clifdenian						15.1
					Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian								MN 4		15.98
				Hemingfordian						MN 4		16.3
				Hemingfordian						MN 3		16.9
				Arikareean								18.5
						Otaian						18.7
										MN 2		20
		Aquitanian										20.44
					Landon	Waitakian						21.7
										MN 1		22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
						Duntroonian						25.2
						Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian										27.82
				Whitneyan								29.5
				Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian								33.9
					Arnold	Runangan						34.6
						Kaiatan						36.7
				Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian										37.71
						Bortonian						39.1
				Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian										41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
						Heretaungan						45.7
				Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian	47.8
			Mangaorapan			48.9
			Mangaorapan	Wasatchian		50.5
			Waipawan	Wasatchian		52
			Waipawan	Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Teurian	Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian		Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian			Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
					Mangaotanean	90.5
					Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan	93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
					Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan	100.5
					Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian			Korangan	113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
		Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian					Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian				Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian				Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
							Filipovian	276.5 *
							Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
							Irginian	285.9 *
							Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian				Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
							Uskalykian	294.8
							Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †			298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †			303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
			Middle Famennian							365.3 *
			Early Famennian							368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
			Middle Frasnian							375.4 *
			Early Frasnian							379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian						Givetian	382.7
			Middle Givetian							383.7 *
			Early Givetian							385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian						Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian						Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian						Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
			Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle				Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle				Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale				Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian		Buildwas					426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian		Buildwas					427.4
		Homerian		Wych	Woolhope				428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park					440.8
												443.8