PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126520 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian Epochs	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ordovician of North America						North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene													Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian													Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian													Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian													Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian													Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean													Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian													Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian													Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian													Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
															Hemingfordian	16.3
															Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian													Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian													Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian													Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian													Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian													Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian													Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian													Bridgerian	47.8
															Wasatchian	50.5
															Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian													Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian													Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian													Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian													Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian													Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian													Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian	Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian		Leine	264.28
		Wordian	Noginskian	Leine	264.9 *
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian		283.5
		Artinskian	Rusavkinian		287.6 *
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
		Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel	298.9
					Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
						Stephanian B	300.9 *
						Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian				303.7
			Khamovnikian				304.8
			Khamovnikian			Cantabrian	305 *
			Krevyakinian				305.8 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian				307
			Myachkovian		Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
			Podolskian			Westphalian D	308.9 *
			Podolskian			Westphalian C	309.8
			Kashirian				311.4 *
			Vereian				313.8
			Vereian			Westphalian B	314.6
			Melekessian				314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian				315.2
			Cheremshanian				316.9 *
			Cheremshanian			Westphalian A	317 *
			Prikamian			Westphalian A	318.6 *
			Prikamian		Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
			Severokeltmian			Yeadonian	319.9 *
			Severokeltmian			Marsdenian	320.2 *
			Krasnopolyanian			Marsdenian	321.2 *
			Krasnopolyanian			Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
			Voznesenian			Kinderscoutian	321.9 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian			Chokierian	323.2
			Zapaltjubian			Arnsbergian	324 *
			Protvian				324.4 *
			Steshevian				326.8 *
			Steshevian			Pendleian	327.4 *
			Tarusian			Pendleian	329 *
		Visean	Venevian		Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
			Mikhailovian				331.9 *
			Aleksinian				333.7 *
			Tulian				335.8 *
			Tulian		Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
			Bobrikian		Livian	Asbian †	339.9 *
			Bobrikian		Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Radaevkian		Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian		Ivorian		346.7
			Kizelian				350.7 *
			Cherepetian				351.9 *
			Cherepetian		Hastarian		353.7 *
			Karakubian				354.4 *
			Upinian				356.3 *
			Malevkian				357.6 *
			Gumerovian				358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian					Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian		450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
								Turinian		453.7 *
							Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
		Dapingian									467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean				Ungurian	477.7
								Stairsian					480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †		482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian	Late Cambrian	Batyrbaian				485.4
		Stage 10												487.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
										Aksaian				490.7 *
										Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian								Sakian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Middle Cambrian	Ayusokkanian				497
		Guzhangian												499.5
		Drumian								Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian								Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan								Tuesaian				504.5
		Wuliuan												505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4							Early Cambrian					509
										Toyonian				510 *
										Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3								Botomian				514
		Stage 3								Atdabanian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Tommotian				521
		Stage 2												525.5
		Fortunian												529
																538.8