International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
- M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
- J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
- A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
- A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.
This timescale is used in the definition of 126557 collections
International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | European Faunal Units | North American Mammal Subages/Zones | Cambrian of Kazakhstan | Permian of the Pamirs | Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China | North American Land Mammal Ages | Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quaternary | Holocene | Meghalayan | Saintaugustinean | 0 | ||||||||
Santarosean | 0.0004 | |||||||||||
Northgrippian | 0.0042 | |||||||||||
Greenlandian | 0.0082 | |||||||||||
Pleistocene | Late Pleistocene | Sheridanian | 0.0117 | |||||||||
Rancholabrean | 0.014 | |||||||||||
Chibanian | 0.129 | |||||||||||
Cudahyan/Sappan | Irvingtonian | 0.21 | ||||||||||
Calabrian | 0.774 | |||||||||||
Senecan/Rexroadian | Blancan | 1.4 | ||||||||||
Gelasian | 1.8 | |||||||||||
Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | Villanyian | 2.58 | ||||||||
Ruscinian | 3.1 * | |||||||||||
Zanclean | 3.6 | |||||||||||
Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian | Hemphillian | 4.7 | ||||||||||
Miocene | Messinian | Turolian | 5.333 | |||||||||
Tortonian | 7.246 | |||||||||||
Vallesian | 8.7 | |||||||||||
Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian | Clarendonian | 9.4 | ||||||||||
Serravallian | Astaracian | 11.63 | ||||||||||
late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian | Barstovian | 12.5 | ||||||||||
Langhian | 13.82 | |||||||||||
Burdigalian | Orleanian | 15.98 | ||||||||||
Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian | Hemingfordian | 16.3 | ||||||||||
late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean | Harrisonian | Arikareean | 18.5 | |||||||||
Agenian | 20 | |||||||||||
Aquitanian | 20.44 | |||||||||||
Paleogene | Oligocene | Chattian | 23.03 | |||||||||
Monroecreekian | 23.1 * | |||||||||||
Geringian | 24.7 * | |||||||||||
Rupelian | 27.82 | |||||||||||
Whitneyan | 29.5 | |||||||||||
Orellan | 31.8 | |||||||||||
Eocene | Priabonian | Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian | Chadronian | 33.9 | ||||||||
Duchesnean | 37 | |||||||||||
Bartonian | 37.71 | |||||||||||
Late Uintan/Early Uintan | Uintan | 39.7 | ||||||||||
Lutetian | 41.2 | |||||||||||
Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian | Bridgerian | 46.2 | ||||||||||
Ypresian | 47.8 | |||||||||||
Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean | Wasatchian | 50.5 | ||||||||||
Cf3/Cf2/Cf1 | Clarkforkian | 54.9 | ||||||||||
Paleocene | Thanetian | 56 | ||||||||||
Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1 | Tiffanian | 56.2 | ||||||||||
Selandian | 59.2 | |||||||||||
To3/To2/To1 | Torrejonian | 60.9 | ||||||||||
Danian | 61.6 | |||||||||||
Pu3/Pu2/Pu1 | Puercan | 63.8 | ||||||||||
Cretaceous | Late Cretaceous | Maastrichtian | 66 | |||||||||
Campanian | 72.1 | |||||||||||
Santonian | 83.6 | |||||||||||
Coniacian | 86.3 | |||||||||||
Turonian | 89.8 | |||||||||||
Cenomanian | 93.9 | |||||||||||
Early Cretaceous | Albian | 100.5 | ||||||||||
Aptian | 113 | |||||||||||
Barremian | 121.4 | |||||||||||
Hauterivian | 125.77 | |||||||||||
Valanginian | 132.6 | |||||||||||
Berriasian | 139.8 | |||||||||||
Jurassic | Late Jurassic | Tithonian | 145 | |||||||||
Kimmeridgian | 149.2 | |||||||||||
Oxfordian | 154.8 | |||||||||||
Middle Jurassic | Callovian | 161.5 | ||||||||||
Bathonian | 165.3 | |||||||||||
Bajocian | 168.2 | |||||||||||
Aalenian | 170.9 | |||||||||||
Early Jurassic | Toarcian | 174.7 | ||||||||||
Pliensbachian | 184.2 | |||||||||||
Sinemurian | 192.9 | |||||||||||
Hettangian | 199.5 | |||||||||||
Triassic | Late Triassic | Rhaetian | 201.4 | |||||||||
Norian | 208.5 | |||||||||||
Carnian | 227 | |||||||||||
Middle Triassic | Ladinian | 237 | ||||||||||
Anisian | 242 | |||||||||||
Early Triassic | Olenekian | Vokhmian | 247.2 | |||||||||
Induan | 251.2 | |||||||||||
Permian | Lopingian | Changhsingian | Dorashamian | 251.902 | ||||||||
Wuchiapingian | Dzhulfian | Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian | 254.14 | |||||||||
Guadalupian | Capitanian | Midian | Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian | 259.51 | ||||||||
Wordian | Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian | 264.28 | ||||||||||
Murgabian | 266.2 * | |||||||||||
Roadian | Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian | 266.9 | ||||||||||
Cisuralian | Kungurian | Kubergandian | 273.01 | |||||||||
Bolorian | 279.8 | |||||||||||
Artinskian | 283.5 | |||||||||||
Yakhtashian | 286 | |||||||||||
Sakmarian | Sakmarian | 290.1 | ||||||||||
Asselian | Asselian | 293.52 | ||||||||||
Carboniferous | Pennsylvanian | Gzhelian | Mapingian † | 298.9 | ||||||||
Kasimovian | 303.7 | |||||||||||
305.9 | ||||||||||||
Moscovian | 307 | |||||||||||
Bashkirian | 315.2 | |||||||||||
Mississippian | Serpukhovian | 323.2 | ||||||||||
Visean | 330.9 | |||||||||||
Tournaisian | 346.7 | |||||||||||
Devonian | Late Devonian | Famennian | 358.9 | |||||||||
Frasnian | 372.2 | |||||||||||
Middle Devonian | Givetian | 382.7 | ||||||||||
Eifelian | 387.7 | |||||||||||
Early Devonian | Emsian | 393.3 | ||||||||||
Pragian | 407.6 | |||||||||||
Lochkovian | 410.8 | |||||||||||
Silurian | Pridoli | 419.2 | ||||||||||
Ludlow | Ludfordian | 423 | ||||||||||
Gorstian | 425.6 | |||||||||||
Wenlock | Homerian | 427.4 | ||||||||||
Sheinwoodian | 430.5 | |||||||||||
Llandovery | Telychian | 433.4 | ||||||||||
Aeronian | 438.5 | |||||||||||
Rhuddanian | 440.8 | |||||||||||
Ordovician | Late Ordovician | Hirnantian | 443.8 | |||||||||
Katian | 445.2 | |||||||||||
Sandbian | 453 | |||||||||||
Middle Ordovician | Darriwilian | 458.4 | ||||||||||
Dapingian | 467.3 | |||||||||||
Early Ordovician | Floian | 470 | ||||||||||
Tremadocian | Ungurian | 477.7 | ||||||||||
Cambrian | Furongian | Stage 10 | Batyrbaian | 485.4 | ||||||||
Jiangshanian | 489.5 | |||||||||||
Aksaian | 490.7 * | |||||||||||
Sakian | 492.2 * | |||||||||||
Paibian | 494 | |||||||||||
Miaolingian | Guzhangian | Ayusokkanian | 497 | |||||||||
499.5 | ||||||||||||
Drumian | Zhanaarykian | 500.5 | ||||||||||
Tuesaian | 503 | |||||||||||
Wuliuan | 504.5 | |||||||||||
505.3 | ||||||||||||
Series 2 | Stage 4 | 509 | ||||||||||
Toyonian | 510 * | |||||||||||
Botomian | 512.5 * | |||||||||||
Stage 3 | 514 | |||||||||||
Atdabanian | 515.6 * | |||||||||||
Terreneuvian | Stage 2 | Tommotian | 521 | |||||||||
525.5 |