PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126700 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Zones	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America		Devonian of France	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian								Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian								Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian								Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian								Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian	MN 17								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16	Tertiary †							2.58
		Piacenzian	MN 15								3.2
		Zanclean	MN 15								3.6
			MN 14								4.2
			MN 14							Hemphillian	4.7
			MN 13								4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	MN 13								5.333
		Tortonian	MN 12								7.246
			MN 11								7.75
			MN 10								8.7
			MN 10							Clarendonian	9.4
			MN 9								9.7
			MN 7 + 8								11.1
		Serravallian									11.63
										Barstovian	12.5
			MN 6								12.8 *
		Langhian	MN 5								13.82
		Burdigalian	MN 4								15.98
			MN 4							Hemingfordian	16.3
			MN 3							Hemingfordian	16.9
			MN 3							Arikareean	18.5
			MN 2								20
		Aquitanian	MN 2								20.44
		Aquitanian	MN 1								22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
		Rupelian									27.82
										Whitneyan	29.5
										Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian								Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian								Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian								Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian								Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian								Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian								Bridgerian	47.8
										Wasatchian	50.5
										Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian								Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian								Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian								Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian								Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian								Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean			Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian			Cazenovian	Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian		393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Pragian					Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Datsonian				485.4
		Stage 10		Payntonian				486.8 *
		Jiangshanian		Iverian				489.5
		Paibian		Idamean				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †				Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian						Boomerangian	499
		Drumian						Undillan	500.5
		Drumian						Floran	503
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †			Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †			Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4						Ordian	509
											510.8 *