PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126557 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Central Paratethys Stages	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Britain				Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian of Britain		Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan															Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan															Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Late Pleistocene															Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian															Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian															Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian															Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian															Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
		Zanclean																3.6
		Zanclean															Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian	Pannonian															7.246
		Tortonian	Pannonian														Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Sarmatian														Clarendonian	11.63
			Sarmatian														Barstovian	12.5
			Badenian															12.8 *
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
																	Hemingfordian	16.3
																	Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
		Rupelian																27.82
																	Whitneyan	29.5
																	Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian															Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian															Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian															Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian															Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian															Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian															Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian															Bridgerian	47.8
																	Wasatchian	50.5
																	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian															Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian															Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian															Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian															Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian															Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian															Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian													Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian													Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian													Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian													Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian													Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													Late Albian			100.5
															Middle Albian			106.2 *
															Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian													Late Aptian			113
		Aptian													Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian													Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian													Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian													Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian													Late Berriasian			139.8
															Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
															Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan										Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian													Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian													Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan	150									Late Kimmeridgian
					Ohauan	Early Kimmeridgian	152.2 *
					Heterian	Early Kimmeridgian	154.5
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		164.3
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian				Epizigzagiceras		Late Bajocian	168.2
						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		Late Bajocian	168.4
						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		Late Toarcian	174.7
				Herangi	Ururoan	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta			176
						Planulata			179.3 *
									Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
								Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
						Kanense				181.3 *
						Carlottense				182.3 *
						Carlottense		Early Toarcian		182.9 *
			Kunae			183.5 *		Early Toarcian
		Pliensbachian	Kunae			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
			Freboldi					185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi					Tetraspidoceras		186.2 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Aratauran					188.9
										189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras					Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras						Psiloceras	196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian						201.4
		Norian		Warepan					Sevatian	208.5
									Alaunian	213.2 *
									Lacian	216.7 *
				Otamitan						217
				Oretian						221
		Carnian		Oretian					Tuvalian	227
			Gore	Kaihikuan					Tuvalian	227.5
									Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							Longobardian	237
				Etalian					Longobardian	238
									Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian							Illyrian	242
									Pelsonian	243.8 *
									Bithynian	244.7 *
									Aegean	245.5 *
				Malakovian					Aegean	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							Spathian	247.2
									Smithian	248.9 *
				Nelsonian					Smithian	249
		Induan							Dienerian	251.2
									Griesbachian	251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan					Griesbachian	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan						251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian						253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian						254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan						254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian						Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian						Wordian	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian						Wordian	266
		Roadian								Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
				Mangapirian							Cathedralian	276
											Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian										283.5
				Telfordian								285
				Telfordian						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
												288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					Nealian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian									323.2
		Visean									330.9
		Tournaisian									346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian									387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian									393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ashgill			Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian									Rawtheyan	445.2
					Cautleyan	448.9 *
					Pusgillian	449.3 *
					Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †			449.6 *
						Cheneyan					451.5 *
						Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian									453
								Actonian †			453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †				455.2 *
						Aurelucian		Longvillian †				456.8 *
						Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn						458.4
		Darriwilian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						461.3 *
		Dapingian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						467.3
		Dapingian			Arenig	Fennian						468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Fennian						470
						Whitlandian						471.1 *
						Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Tremadoc	Migneintian						477.7
					Tremadoc	Cressagian						480.8 *
												485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10											Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian							489.5				Festiniogian
		Jiangshanian							Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian							Maentwrogian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							St Davids				497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Caerfai				509
	Series 2	Stage 3											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
																		538.8