PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Central Paratethys Stages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean			0.129
		Chibanian				Irvingtonian			0.21
		Calabrian				Irvingtonian			0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan			1.4
		Gelasian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							2.58
		Zanclean							3.6
		Zanclean				Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							5.333
		Tortonian	Pannonian						7.246
		Tortonian	Pannonian			Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian	Sarmatian			Clarendonian			11.63
			Sarmatian			Barstovian			12.5
			Badenian						12.8 *
		Langhian							13.82
		Burdigalian							15.98
						Hemingfordian			16.3
						Arikareean			18.5
		Aquitanian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
		Rupelian		Kekeamuan					27.82
						Whitneyan			29.5
						Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Duchesnean			37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian			Bumbanian	Bridgerian			47.8
						Wasatchian			50.5
						Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Gashatan		Clarkforkian			56
		Thanetian		Gashatan		Tiffanian			56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian			59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian			61.6
		Danian				Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Senonian		66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Gallic		100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian					Neocomian		125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian		Rawtheyan	445.2
				Cautleyan	448.9 *
				Pusgillian	449.3 *
			Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
				Cheneyan		451.5 *
				Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian				453
					Actonian †	453.2 *
					Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †		454.2 *
					Longvillian †			455.2 *
				Aurelucian	Longvillian †			456.8 *
				Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
		Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
		Dapingian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Fennian			470
				Whitlandian			471.1 *
				Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
									485 *