International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
- M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
- J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
- W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
- Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
- J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
- A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.
This timescale is used in the definition of 126130 collections
International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | Central Paratethys Stages | North American Mammal Subages/Zones | Devonian of Germany | Neogene Mammal Ages of China | Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia | Cenozoic Subepochs | Carboniferous of Western Europe | North American Land Mammal Ages | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quaternary | Holocene | Meghalayan | Saintaugustinean | 0 | |||||||||||
Santarosean | 0.0004 | ||||||||||||||
Northgrippian | 0.0042 | ||||||||||||||
Greenlandian | 0.0082 | ||||||||||||||
Pleistocene | Late Pleistocene | Sheridanian | Nihewanian | Late Pleistocene | 0.0117 | ||||||||||
Rancholabrean | 0.014 | ||||||||||||||
Chibanian | Middle Pleistocene | 0.129 | |||||||||||||
Cudahyan/Sappan | Irvingtonian | 0.21 | |||||||||||||
Calabrian | Early Pleistocene | 0.774 | |||||||||||||
Senecan/Rexroadian | Blancan | 1.4 | |||||||||||||
Gelasian | 1.8 | ||||||||||||||
Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | Yushean | Late Pliocene | 2.58 | ||||||||||
Zanclean | Early Pliocene | 3.6 | |||||||||||||
Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian | Hemphillian | 4.7 | |||||||||||||
Baodean | 4.9 | ||||||||||||||
Miocene | Messinian | Late Miocene | 5.333 | ||||||||||||
Tortonian | Pannonian | 7.246 | |||||||||||||
Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian | Clarendonian | 9.4 | |||||||||||||
Tunggurian | 11.1 | ||||||||||||||
Serravallian | Sarmatian | Middle Miocene | 11.63 | ||||||||||||
late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian | Barstovian | 12.5 | |||||||||||||
Badenian | 12.8 * | ||||||||||||||
Langhian | Shanwangian | 13.82 | |||||||||||||
Burdigalian | Early Miocene | 15.98 | |||||||||||||
Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian | Hemingfordian | 16.3 | |||||||||||||
Xiejiaan | 16.9 | ||||||||||||||
late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean | Harrisonian | Arikareean | 18.5 | ||||||||||||
Aquitanian | 20.44 | ||||||||||||||
Paleogene | Oligocene | Chattian | Tabenbulakian | Hsandagolian | Late Oligocene | 23.03 | |||||||||
Monroecreekian | 23.1 * | ||||||||||||||
Geringian | 24.7 * | ||||||||||||||
Rupelian | Kekeamuan | Early Oligocene | 27.82 | ||||||||||||
Whitneyan | 29.5 | ||||||||||||||
Orellan | 31.8 | ||||||||||||||
Eocene | Priabonian | Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian | Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian | Late Eocene | Chadronian | 33.9 | |||||||||
Duchesnean | 37 | ||||||||||||||
Bartonian | Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan | Middle Eocene | 37.71 | ||||||||||||
Late Uintan/Early Uintan | Uintan | 39.7 | |||||||||||||
Lutetian | 41.2 | ||||||||||||||
Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian | Bridgerian | 46.2 | |||||||||||||
Ypresian | Bumbanian | Early Eocene | 47.8 | ||||||||||||
Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean | Wasatchian | 50.5 | |||||||||||||
Cf3/Cf2/Cf1 | Clarkforkian | 54.9 | |||||||||||||
Paleocene | Thanetian | Gashatan | Late Paleocene | 56 | |||||||||||
Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1 | Tiffanian | 56.2 | |||||||||||||
Selandian | Middle Paleocene | 59.2 | |||||||||||||
To3/To2/To1 | Torrejonian | 60.9 | |||||||||||||
Danian | Early Paleocene | 61.6 | |||||||||||||
Pu3/Pu2/Pu1 | Puercan | 63.8 | |||||||||||||
Cretaceous | Late Cretaceous | Maastrichtian | 66 | ||||||||||||
Campanian | 72.1 | ||||||||||||||
Santonian | 83.6 | ||||||||||||||
Coniacian | 86.3 | ||||||||||||||
Turonian | 89.8 | ||||||||||||||
Cenomanian | 93.9 | ||||||||||||||
Early Cretaceous | Albian | 100.5 | |||||||||||||
Aptian | 113 | ||||||||||||||
Barremian | 121.4 | ||||||||||||||
Hauterivian | 125.77 | ||||||||||||||
Valanginian | 132.6 | ||||||||||||||
Berriasian | 139.8 | ||||||||||||||
Jurassic | Late Jurassic | Tithonian | 145 | ||||||||||||
Kimmeridgian | 149.2 | ||||||||||||||
Oxfordian | 154.8 | ||||||||||||||
Middle Jurassic | Callovian | 161.5 | |||||||||||||
Bathonian | 165.3 | ||||||||||||||
Bajocian | 168.2 | ||||||||||||||
Aalenian | 170.9 | ||||||||||||||
Early Jurassic | Toarcian | 174.7 | |||||||||||||
Pliensbachian | 184.2 | ||||||||||||||
Sinemurian | 192.9 | ||||||||||||||
Hettangian | 199.5 | ||||||||||||||
Triassic | Late Triassic | Rhaetian | 201.4 | ||||||||||||
Norian | 208.5 | ||||||||||||||
Carnian | 227 | ||||||||||||||
Middle Triassic | Ladinian | 237 | |||||||||||||
Anisian | 242 | ||||||||||||||
Early Triassic | Olenekian | 247.2 | |||||||||||||
Induan | 251.2 | ||||||||||||||
Permian | Lopingian | Changhsingian | 251.902 | ||||||||||||
Wuchiapingian | 254.14 | ||||||||||||||
Guadalupian | Capitanian | 259.51 | |||||||||||||
Wordian | 264.28 | ||||||||||||||
Roadian | 266.9 | ||||||||||||||
Cisuralian | Kungurian | 273.01 | |||||||||||||
Artinskian | 283.5 | ||||||||||||||
Sakmarian | 290.1 | ||||||||||||||
Asselian | 293.52 | ||||||||||||||
Kuzel | 297.7 | ||||||||||||||
Carboniferous | Pennsylvanian | Gzhelian | 298.9 | ||||||||||||
Stephanian | Stephanian C | 300.3 * | |||||||||||||
Stephanian B | 300.9 * | ||||||||||||||
Stephanian A | 301.4 * | ||||||||||||||
Kasimovian | 303.7 | ||||||||||||||
Cantabrian | 305 * | ||||||||||||||
Moscovian | 307 | ||||||||||||||
Westphalian | Westphalian D | 307.4 * | |||||||||||||
Westphalian C | 309.8 | ||||||||||||||
Westphalian B | 314.6 | ||||||||||||||
Bashkirian | 315.2 | ||||||||||||||
Westphalian A | 317 * | ||||||||||||||
Namurian | Yeadonian | 318.8 * | |||||||||||||
Marsdenian | 320.2 * | ||||||||||||||
Kinderscoutian | 321.5 * | ||||||||||||||
Alportian | 322 * | ||||||||||||||
Chokierian | 323.1 * | ||||||||||||||
Mississippian | Serpukhovian | 323.2 | |||||||||||||
Arnsbergian | 324 * | ||||||||||||||
Pendleian | 327.4 * | ||||||||||||||
Visean | Warnantian | Brigantian † | 330.9 | ||||||||||||
Livian | Asbian † | 336.3 * | |||||||||||||
Moliniacian | Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian | 340.2 * | |||||||||||||
Tournaisian | Ivorian | 346.7 | |||||||||||||
Hastarian | 353.7 * | ||||||||||||||
Devonian | Late Devonian | Famennian | Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden | 358.9 | |||||||||||
Frasnian | Adorf | 372.2 | |||||||||||||
Middle Devonian | Givetian | Givetian | 382.7 | ||||||||||||
Eifelian | Eifelian | 387.7 | |||||||||||||
Early Devonian | Emsian | Emsian | 393.3 | ||||||||||||
Pragian | Siegen | 407.6 | |||||||||||||
Lochkovian | Gedinnine | 410.8 | |||||||||||||
419.2 |