PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous Subepochs	Silurian of North America			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Cenozoic 6					Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian										Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian										Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean										2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
												Hemphillian	4.7
			Baodean										4.9
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
												Clarendonian	9.4
			Tunggurian										11.1
		Serravallian					Cenozoic 5						11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian	Shanwangian										13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
												Hemingfordian	16.3
			Xiejiaan									Hemingfordian	16.9
												Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Cenozoic 4						23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Cenozoic 3					Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian										Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian					Cenozoic 2					Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian										Bridgerian	47.8
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Cenozoic 1					Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian										Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian										Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian										Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian										Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8	Senonian					66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7						72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6						83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian		Cretaceous 4	Gallic					100.5
					Middle Albian								106.2 *
					Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3						113
		Aptian			Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3						119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2						121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2	Neocomian					125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1						132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian								139.8
					Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
					Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6						145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	146.3 *	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5	149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian			174.7
				Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian		Sevatian			208.5
				Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
		Carnian		Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	Triassic 1		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian		Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian		Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean		Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Srbsko		Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Chotec		Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian		Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian		Pragian		Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian		Lochkovian		Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2	Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli						Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1			Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
								Alexandrian		438.7 *
							Medinan		Clinton	440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ordovician 5				443.8
		Katian				Ordovician 5				445.2
		Sandbian			Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Cambrian 5	Niuchehean				Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian				Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian				Paibian					494
		Paibian				Paibian				Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Cambrian 4	Guzhangian				Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian			Cambrian 4	Drumian				Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan			Cambrian 3	Wuliuan/Taijangian					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Cambrian 3	Duyunian					509
	Series 2	Stage 3			Cambrian 2	Nangaoian					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Cambrian 2	Meishucunian					521
		Fortunian			Cambrian 1	Meishucunian					529
		Fortunian			Cambrian 1	Jinnigian					530.7
													538.8