PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126520 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Ordovician of China			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Devonian of Germany	Permian of North America		Cambrian of Siberia	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran					Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan															Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian															0.0117
		Late Pleistocene															Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian															Rancholabrean	0.129
																	Irvingtonian	0.21
												Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian																0.774
																	Blancan	1.4
												Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan						1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian						2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean									Mangapanian						2.58
		Piacenzian										Waipipian						3
		Zanclean										Waipipian						3.6
												Opoitian						3.7
																	Hemphillian	4.7
			Baodean															4.9
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian																7.246
																	Clarendonian	9.4
											Southland	Waiauan						11.04
			Tunggurian															11.1
		Serravallian																11.63
																	Barstovian	12.5
												Lillburnian						13.05
		Langhian	Shanwangian									Lillburnian						13.82
												Clifdenian						15.1
											Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian																15.98
																	Hemingfordian	16.3
			Xiejiaan														Hemingfordian	16.9
																	Arikareean	18.5
												Otaian						18.7
		Aquitanian										Otaian						20.44
		Aquitanian									Landon	Waitakian						21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Waitakian						23.03
												Duntroonian						25.2
												Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian																27.82
																	Whitneyan	29.5
																	Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian															Chadronian	33.9
											Arnold	Runangan						34.6
												Kaiatan						36.7
																	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian																37.71
												Bortonian						39.1
																	Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian																41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
												Heretaungan						45.7
																	Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian																47.8
												Mangaorapan						48.9
												Mangaorapan					Wasatchian	50.5
												Waipawan					Wasatchian	52
												Waipawan					Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Teurian					Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian															Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian															Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian		Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian			Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
					Mangaotanean		90.5
					Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan		93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
					Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan		100.5
					Urutawan		103.3
				Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian			Korangan		113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian	Wordian				264.28
		Roadian	Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian				Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian					Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian				Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian					Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Hirnantian			Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Chientangkiangian				Wufeng †	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					Kralodvorian		449.5
											Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian											453
													Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
												Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian			Guniu †/Hulo						458.4
					Dobrotivian						458.5 *
					Oretanian						459.7 *
											Sarka †			461.7 *
									Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	Sarka †			466.3 *
		Dapingian				Dapingian					Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian	468	Dapingian
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian	Yiyangian	470
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian	Tremadocian						477.7
										Lianghekou †	477.9 *
										Lianghekou †	Mansian †			483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Batyrbaian			Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian									Batyrbaian					489.5
											Aksaian					490.7 *
											Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian														494
		Paibian													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Ayusokkanian					497
		Guzhangian									Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian									Mayan/Menevian					500.5
		Wuliuan									Amgan/Solvan					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Amgan/Solvan					509
											Toyonian			Lenian †		510 *
											Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3									Botomian					514
		Stage 3									Atdabanian					515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									Tommotian					521
		Stage 2									Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian									Nemakit-Daldynian			Manykaian †		529
																		538.8