PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126520 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Carboniferous of North America	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian of the Russian Platform		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian									Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian									Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian									Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Tertiary †						2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean									Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian									Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian									Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian									Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
											Hemingfordian	16.3
											Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian								23.03
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan									27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian									Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian							Bridgerian	47.8
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan								Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian	Gashatan								Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian									Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian									Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian									Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian									Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †		254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †		Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian						Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian					Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian					Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
								Filipovian	276.5 *
								Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian					Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
								Irginian	285.9 *
								Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian					Bursumian †	Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
									Uskalykian	294.8
									Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian			298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian			303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian			305.9 *
		Moscovian					Desmoinesian			307
		Moscovian					Atokan			312.7 *
		Bashkirian					Atokan			315.2
		Bashkirian					Morrowan			318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chesterian			323.2
		Visean					Chesterian			330.9
							Meramecian			335.8 *
				Osagean			343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean			346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Datsonian		485.4
		Stage 10		Payntonian		486.8 *
		Jiangshanian		Iverian		489.5
		Paibian		Idamean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †		Mindyallan	497
						Mindyallan	Arcadian			498.4
						Boomerangian				499
		Drumian				Undillan				500.5
		Drumian				Floran				503
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †	Templetonian				504.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †	Ordian				507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4				Ordian	Branchian			509
		Stage 4								510.8 *
		Stage 3								514
		Stage 3					Placentian			517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
												538.8