PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		European Faunal Units	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan							Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian								0.0042
				Greenlandian								0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
				Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian							Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian							Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian							Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian							Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian								1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Villanyian					2.58
				Piacenzian			Ruscinian					3.1 *
				Zanclean								3.6
				Zanclean							Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian			Turolian					5.333
				Tortonian			Turolian					7.246
							Vallesian					8.7
							Vallesian				Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian			Astaracian			Cenozoic 5	Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian							Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian								13.82
				Burdigalian			Orleanian					15.98
											Hemingfordian	16.3
											Arikareean	18.5
							Agenian					20
				Aquitanian			Agenian					20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				Cenozoic 4		23.03
				Rupelian	Kekeamuan							27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Cenozoic 3	Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian							Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian						Cenozoic 2	Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian							Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian		Bumbanian					Bridgerian	47.8
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan					Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian	Gashatan						Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian							Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian							Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian							Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian							Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Cretaceous 8		66
				Campanian						Cretaceous 7		72.1
				Santonian						Cretaceous 6		83.6
				Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian						Cretaceous 5		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian						Cretaceous 4		100.5
				Aptian						Cretaceous 3		113
				Barremian						Cretaceous 2		121.4
				Hauterivian						Cretaceous 2		125.77
				Valanginian						Cretaceous 1		132.6
				Berriasian						Cretaceous 1		139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Jurassic 6		145
				Kimmeridgian						Jurassic 5		149.2
				Oxfordian								154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
				Bathonian						Jurassic 4		165.3
				Bajocian						Jurassic 4		168.2
Aalenian				Jurassic 3				170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Jurassic 3				174.7
			Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				184.2
			Sinemurian	Jurassic 1				192.9
			Hettangian	Jurassic 1				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
			Norian	Triassic 4				208.5
			Carnian	Triassic 3				227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2				242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1				251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3				266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
			Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				303.7
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
			Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1			Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian	Devonian 1			Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare			Silurian 2		419.2
		Pridoli		Kaugetuma					421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare					423
			Ludfordian	Paadla					423.4 *
			Gorstian	Paadla					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula		427.4
			Homerian	Jaagarahu		429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian	Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani	Silurian 1	433.4
			Telychian	Adavere		434 *
			Aeronian	Adavere		438.5
			Aeronian	Raikkula		439.4 *
			Rhuddanian	Raikkula		440.8
			Rhuddanian	Juuru		441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5	443.8
			Katian		Ordovician 5	445.2
			Sandbian		Ordovician 4	453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3	458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2	467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2	470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5	Datsonian	485.4
			Stage 10			Payntonian	486.8 *
			Jiangshanian			Iverian	489.5
			Paibian			Idamean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4	Mindyallan	497
			Guzhangian			Boomerangian	499
			Drumian			Undillan	500.5
			Drumian			Floran	503
			Wuliuan		Cambrian 3	Templetonian	504.5
			Wuliuan			Ordian	507.8 *
		Series 2	Stage 4			Ordian	509
			Stage 4				510.8 *
			Stage 3		Cambrian 2		514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Cambrian 2		521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †		Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †		Wonokan †	571.7 *
												635