International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

  • K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
  • A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
  • J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
  • M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
  • J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
  • W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
  • F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic TimescaleNorth American Land Mammal AgesPermian-Jurassic of New ZealandPermian of ChinaNorth American Mammal Subages/ZonesSilurian Ages of EuropeEuropean Faunal Units
QuaternaryHoloceneMeghalayanSaintaugustinean0
Santarosean0.0004
Northgrippian0.0042
Greenlandian0.0082
PleistoceneLate PleistoceneSheridanian0.0117
Rancholabrean0.014
Chibanian0.129
IrvingtonianCudahyan/Sappan0.21
Calabrian0.774
BlancanSenecan/Rexroadian1.4
Gelasian1.8
NeogenePliocenePiacenzianVillanyian2.58
Ruscinian3.1 *
Zanclean3.6
HemphillianLate Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian4.7
MioceneMessinianTurolian5.333
Tortonian7.246
Vallesian8.7
ClarendonianLate Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian9.4
SerravallianAstaracian11.63
Barstovianlate Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian12.5
Langhian13.82
BurdigalianOrleanian15.98
HemingfordianLate Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian16.3
Arikareeanlate Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early ArikareeanHarrisonian18.5
Agenian20
Aquitanian20.44
PaleogeneOligoceneChattian23.03
Monroecreekian23.1 *
Geringian24.7 *
Rupelian27.82
Whitneyan29.5
Orellan31.8
EocenePriabonianChadronianLate Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian33.9
Duchesnean37
Bartonian37.71
UintanLate Uintan/Early Uintan39.7
Lutetian41.2
BridgerianTwinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian46.2
Ypresian47.8
WasatchianLostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean50.5
ClarkforkianCf3/Cf2/Cf154.9
PaleoceneThanetian56
TiffanianTi6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti156.2
Selandian59.2
TorrejonianTo3/To2/To160.9
Danian61.6
PuercanPu3/Pu2/Pu163.8
CretaceousLate CretaceousMaastrichtian66
Campanian72.1
Santonian83.6
Coniacian86.3
Turonian89.8
Cenomanian93.9
Early CretaceousAlbian100.5
Aptian113
Barremian121.4
Hauterivian125.77
Valanginian132.6
Berriasian139.8
JurassicLate JurassicTithonianOtekePuaroan145
Kimmeridgian149.2
KawhiaOhauan150
Heterian154.5
Oxfordian154.8
Middle JurassicCallovian161.5
Temaikan164.3
Bathonian165.3
Bajocian168.2
Aalenian170.9
Early JurassicToarcian174.7
HerangiUruroan176
Pliensbachian184.2
Aratauran188.9
Sinemurian192.9
Hettangian199.5
TriassicLate TriassicRhaetianBalfourOtapirian201.4
NorianWarepan208.5
Otamitan217
Oretian221
Carnian227
GoreKaihikuan227.5
Middle TriassicLadinian237
Etalian238
Anisian242
Malakovian246
Early TriassicOlenekian247.2
Nelsonian249
Induan251.2
DUrvilleMakarewan251.5
PermianLopingianChanghsingianMeishanian251.902
Waiitian253.2
Baoqingian253.4 *
WuchiapingianLaoshanian254.14
Puruhauan254.2
Laibinian257.7 *
GuadalupianCapitanianAparimaFlettianLengwuan259.51
WordianKuhfengian264.28
Barettian266
Roadian266.9
CisuralianKungurianLuodianian273.01
Mangapirian276
Artinskian283.5
Telfordian285
Longlinian285.4 *
288.5
Sakmarian290.1
AsselianZisongian293.52
CarboniferousPennsylvanianGzhelian298.9
300.1
Kasimovian303.7
Moscovian307
Bashkirian315.2
MississippianSerpukhovian323.2
Visean330.9
Tournaisian346.7
DevonianLate DevonianFamennian358.9
Frasnian372.2
Middle DevonianGivetian382.7
Eifelian387.7
Early DevonianEmsian393.3
Pragian407.6
Lochkovian410.8
SilurianPridoli419.2
LudlowLudfordian423
Gorstian425.6
WenlockHomerianGleedonian427.4
Whitwellian429.7 *
430.5