International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

  • K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
  • A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
  • F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
  • M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
  • J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
  • W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
  • J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126130 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic TimescaleNorth American Land Mammal AgesEuropean Faunal UnitsNorth American Mammal Subages/ZonesDevonian of CzechoslovakiaPaleogene Mammal Ages of AsiaCarboniferous of ChinaDevonian of FranceCarboniferous of Western Europe
QuaternaryHoloceneMeghalayanSaintaugustinean0
Santarosean0.0004
Northgrippian0.0042
Greenlandian0.0082
PleistoceneLate PleistoceneSheridanian0.0117
Rancholabrean0.014
Chibanian0.129
IrvingtonianCudahyan/Sappan0.21
Calabrian0.774
BlancanSenecan/Rexroadian1.4
Gelasian1.8
NeogenePliocenePiacenzianVillanyian2.58
Ruscinian3.1 *
Zanclean3.6
HemphillianLate Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian4.7
MioceneMessinianTurolian5.333
Tortonian7.246
Vallesian8.7
ClarendonianLate Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian9.4
SerravallianAstaracian11.63
Barstovianlate Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian12.5
Langhian13.82
BurdigalianOrleanian15.98
HemingfordianLate Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian16.3
Arikareeanlate Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early ArikareeanHarrisonian18.5
Agenian20
Aquitanian20.44
PaleogeneOligoceneChattianTabenbulakianHsandagolian23.03
Monroecreekian23.1 *
Geringian24.7 *
RupelianKekeamuan27.82
Whitneyan29.5
Orellan31.8
EocenePriabonianChadronianLate Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early ChadronianHouldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian33.9
Duchesnean37
BartonianSharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan37.71
UintanLate Uintan/Early Uintan39.7
Lutetian41.2
BridgerianTwinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian46.2
YpresianBumbanian47.8
WasatchianLostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean50.5
ClarkforkianCf3/Cf2/Cf154.9
PaleoceneThanetianGashatan56
TiffanianTi6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti156.2
Selandian59.2
TorrejonianTo3/To2/To160.9
Danian61.6
PuercanPu3/Pu2/Pu163.8
CretaceousLate CretaceousMaastrichtian66
Campanian72.1
Santonian83.6
Coniacian86.3
Turonian89.8
Cenomanian93.9
Early CretaceousAlbian100.5
Aptian113
Barremian121.4
Hauterivian125.77
Valanginian132.6
Berriasian139.8
JurassicLate JurassicTithonian145
Kimmeridgian149.2
Oxfordian154.8
Middle JurassicCallovian161.5
Bathonian165.3
Bajocian168.2
Aalenian170.9
Early JurassicToarcian174.7
Pliensbachian184.2
Sinemurian192.9
Hettangian199.5
TriassicLate TriassicRhaetian201.4
Norian208.5
Carnian227
Middle TriassicLadinian237
Anisian242
Early TriassicOlenekian247.2
Induan251.2
PermianLopingianChanghsingian251.902
Wuchiapingian254.14
GuadalupianCapitanian259.51
Wordian264.28
Roadian266.9
CisuralianKungurian273.01
Artinskian283.5
Sakmarian290.1
Asselian293.52
Kuzel297.7
CarboniferousPennsylvanianGzhelian298.9
Xiaodushanian300 *
StephanianStephanian C300.3 *
Stephanian B300.9 *
Stephanian A301.4 *
Kasimovian303.7
Cantabrian305 *
Dalaun305.8 *
Moscovian307
WestphalianWestphalian D307.4 *
Westphalian C309.8
Westphalian B314.6
Bashkirian315.2
Westphalian A317 *
Huashibanian318.5 *
NamurianYeadonian318.8 *
Marsdenian320.2 *
Lousuan321.2 *
Kinderscoutian321.5 *
Alportian322 *
Chokierian323.1 *
MississippianSerpukhovianDewunian323.2
Arnsbergian324 *
Pendleian327.4 *
Shangsian330.8 *
ViseanWarnantianBrigantian †330.9
Jiusian335 *
LivianAsbian †336.3 *
MoliniacianHolkerian †/Arundian/Chadian340.2 *
TournaisianTangbagouanIvorian346.7
Hastarian353.7 *
DevonianLate DevonianFamennianFamennian358.9
FrasnianFrasnian372.2
Middle DevonianGivetianSrbskoGivetian382.7
EifelianChotecCouvinien387.7
Early DevonianEmsianDaleje/Zlichovian393.3
PragianPragian407.6
Coblencien408.2 *
LochkovianLochkovianGedinnine410.8
419.2