PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean								0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean								0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan							0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan	Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
			Hemingfordian	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
			Arikareean	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
					Monroecreekian						23.1 *
					Geringian						24.7 *
		Rupelian			Geringian						27.82
			Whitneyan								29.5
			Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean								37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							47.8
			Wasatchian	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
			Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1					60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1					61.6
		Danian	Puercan			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian				100.5
							Middle Albian				106.2 *
							Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian				113
		Aptian					Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian				139.8
							Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
							Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian					Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian					Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian		174.7
							Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
							Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian					Sevatian		208.5
							Alaunian		213.2 *
							Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian					Tuvalian		227
		Carnian					Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Longobardian		237
		Ladinian					Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian		242
							Pelsonian		243.8 *
							Bithynian		244.7 *
							Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Spathian		Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian		251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		Bursumian †					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian					298.9
		Kasimovian		Missourian					303.7
		Kasimovian		Desmoinesian					305.9 *
		Moscovian		Desmoinesian					307
		Moscovian		Atokan					312.7 *
		Bashkirian	315.2	Atokan
		Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Chesterian	330.9
			Meramecian	335.8 *
			Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †		485.4
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian		Paibian				494
		Paibian		Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian		Wangcunian †		497
		Drumian		Drumian		Wangcunian †		500.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian				509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Nangaoian				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian				521
		Fortunian		Meishucunian				529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian				530.7
											538.8