PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126130 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian of Germany		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	South American Land Mammal Ages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian							Lujanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean	0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan									Irvingtonian	0.21
										Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian											0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian									Blancan	1.4
										Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian								Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Vorohuean			2.58
		Piacenzian								Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
		Zanclean								Chapadmalalan			3.6
										Montehermosan			3.7 *
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							Montehermosan		Hemphillian	4.7
										Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
										Chasicoan			7.9 *
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							Chasicoan		Clarendonian	9.4
										Mayoan			9.9 *
										Laventan			10.9 *
		Serravallian											11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									Barstovian	12.5
										Colloncuran			13.7 *
		Langhian								Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian								Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian								Friasian			15.98
										Santacrucian			16.2 *
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							Santacrucian		Hemingfordian	16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							Colhuehuapian		Hemingfordian	17.4 *
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian								Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
				Monroecreekian									23.1 *
				Geringian									24.7 *
		Rupelian											27.82
										Tinguirirican			28.9 *
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									Chadronian	33.9
			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							Divisaderan		Chadronian	35.9 *
												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
										Mustersan			41.9 *
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian											47.8
										Casamayoran			47.9 *
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									Wasatchian	50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					Riochican		Clarkforkian	56
					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					Riochican		Tiffanian	56.2
										Itaboraian			56.9 *
										Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1							Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian											61.6
										Tiupampan			62.4 *
					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan	63.8			Tiupampan
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Lancian/Edmontonian		66
		Campanian				Judithian/Aquilan		72.1
		Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						100.5
		Aptian						113
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian				Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian				Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian		Siegen				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine				Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Gleedonian						427.4
		Homerian	Whitwellian						429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10				Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian				Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian				Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian			Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan			Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4			Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran		514
					Montezuman		514.8 *
					Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
													538.8