PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126006 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of the Pamirs	Cambrian of Australia	Silurian of North America			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian									Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan									Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan									Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian										Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean										Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian										Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene		15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										Hemingfordian	16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene		23.03
				Monroecreekian										23.1 *
				Geringian										24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian								Early Oligocene		27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian										Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan										Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										Wasatchian	50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1							Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1							Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1							Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Midian	259.51
		Wordian				Midian	264.28
		Wordian				Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian				Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian				Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian				Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian				Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian				Asselian	293.52
		Asselian				Asselian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian		303.7				Stephanian A
		Kasimovian		Cantabrian				305 *
		Moscovian		Cantabrian				307
				Westphalian			Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian			Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
			Kinderscoutian				321.5 *
			Alportian				322 *
			Chokierian				323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chokierian				323.2
			Arnsbergian				324 *
			Pendleian				327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †			330.9
			Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
		Pragian			Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian			Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Cayugan			419.2
	Pridoli				Niagaran			422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan			Clinton		440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10								Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian								Iverian	489.5
		Paibian								Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian								Boomerangian	499
		Drumian								Undillan	500.5
		Drumian								Floran	503
		Wuliuan								Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan								Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4								Ordian	509
														510.8 *