PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126520 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of China	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cambrian of Siberia			Cenozoic Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian								Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene			Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan								Middle Pleistocene			Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan								Early Pleistocene			Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian											Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene				2.58
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene				3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								Early Pliocene			Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								Middle Miocene			Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene				15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											Hemingfordian	16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene				23.03
				Monroecreekian											23.1 *
				Geringian											24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian							Early Oligocene				27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								Late Eocene			Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian									Late Eocene			Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene			Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan											Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan											Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								Early Eocene			Bridgerian	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean											Wasatchian	50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1									Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						Late Paleocene			Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						Late Paleocene			Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						Middle Paleocene			Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1						Middle Paleocene			Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1						Early Paleocene			Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						Early Paleocene			Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian										Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Late Albian			100.5
												Middle Albian			106.2 *
												Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian										Late Aptian			113
		Aptian										Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian										Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian										Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian										Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian										Late Berriasian			139.8
												Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
												Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian										Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian		174.7
						Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
						Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian				Sevatian		208.5
						Alaunian		213.2 *
						Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian		227
		Carnian				Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian		237
		Ladinian				Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian		242
						Pelsonian		243.8 *
						Bithynian		244.7 *
						Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian				251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian				253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Laibinian				257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan				259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian				264.28
		Roadian		Kuhfengian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian	Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian	Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian	Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian	Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian		300.1
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian	358.9
				Middle Famennian	365.3 *
				Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian	372.2
				Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
				Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian	382.7
				Middle Givetian	383.7 *
				Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Tremadocian			Ungurian		477.7
		Tremadocian			Ungurian		Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian		Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian		Batyrbaian			489.5
					Aksaian		Aksaian			490.7 *
					Sakian		Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian								494
		Paibian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian		Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian			Zhanaarykian					500.5
		Drumian			Tuesaian					503
		Wuliuan			Tuesaian		Amgan/Solvan			504.5
		Wuliuan				505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4				509
					Toyonian	Toyonian	Lenian †	510 *
					Botomian	Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian	Botomian		514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian	Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian	Tommotian		521
		Stage 2				Nemakit-Daldynian		525.5
		Fortunian				Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †	529
															538.8