PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126130 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Carboniferous of China	Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of China			Ordovician of Britain				Ordovician of North America			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																	Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan																	Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian																	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene																	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian																	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan																Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan																Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian																Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																		2.58
		Zanclean																		3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian																Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
		Tortonian																		7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian																Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian																Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian																Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian																		13.82
		Burdigalian																		15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian																Hemingfordian	16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian															Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																		23.03
				Monroecreekian																23.1 *
				Geringian																24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian																27.82
																			Whitneyan	29.5
																			Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian																Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian																	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian																	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan																Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan																Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian																Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian																Bridgerian	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean																Wasatchian	50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1														Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1														Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1														Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1														Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1														Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1														Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1														Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian													72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian													100.5
							Middle Albian													106.2 *
							Early Albian													109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian													113
		Aptian					Early Aptian													119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian													139.8
							Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
							Early Berriasian													142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian		174.7
						Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
						Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian				Sevatian		208.5
						Alaunian		213.2 *
						Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian		227
		Carnian				Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian		237
		Ladinian				Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian		242
						Pelsonian		243.8 *
						Bithynian		244.7 *
						Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Melekhovian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Wordian				Noginskian		264.9 *
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian			276.8 *
		Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian			283.5
		Artinskian	Rusavkinian			287.6 *
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Gzhelian				Xiaodushanian		300 *
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian		303.7
			Khamovnikian		304.8
			Dalaun		Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian			Myachkovian	307
					Podolskian	308.9 *
					Kashirian	311.4 *
					Vereian	313.8
					Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian	315.2
					Cheremshanian	316.9 *
			Huashibanian		Cheremshanian	318.5 *
					Prikamian	318.6 *
					Severokeltmian	319.9 *
			Lousuan		Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
			Lousuan		Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian		Zapaltjubian	323.2
					Protvian	324.4 *
					Steshevian	326.8 *
					Tarusian	329 *
			Shangsian		Tarusian	330.8 *
		Visean			Venevian	330.9
					Mikhailovian	331.9 *
					Aleksinian	333.7 *
			Jiusian		Aleksinian	335 *
					Tulian	335.8 *
					Bobrikian	339.9 *
					Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan		Kosvian	346.7
					Kizelian	350.7 *
					Cherepetian	351.9 *
					Karakubian	354.4 *
					Upinian	356.3 *
					Malevkian	357.6 *
					Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Ashgill	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian		Chientangkiangian		Rawtheyan				445.2		Gamachian
						Rawtheyan				Richmondian		446 *
						Cautleyan						448.9 *
						Pusgillian						449.3 *
				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang		Pusgillian						449.5
						Caradoc			Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
										Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian				450.4 *
										Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
									Cheneyan					451.5 *
									Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian												453
												Actonian †		453.2 *
											Turinian	Actonian †		453.7 *
												Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †			455.2 *
									Aurelucian						456.8 *
										Whiterockian			Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
												Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo	Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn							458.4
						Guniu †/Hulo			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn							461.3 *
						Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo								466.3 *
		Dapingian		Dapingian												467.3
							Arenig		Fennian							468.4 *
											Rangerian					469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Yiyangian						Ibexian	Blackhillsian				Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
									Whitlandian		Blackhillsian						471.1 *
									Whitlandian		Tulean						473.9 *
									Moridunian								474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian			Tremadoc		Migneintian								477.7
								Lianghekou †									477.9 *
											Stairsian						480.3 *
									Cressagian		Stairsian						480.8 *
									Cressagian		Skullrockian					Demingian †	482 *
																Demingian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10															Datsonian	485.4
																	Payntonian	486.8 *
																	Payntonian	487.5
		Jiangshanian															Iverian	489.5
		Paibian															Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian															Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian															Boomerangian	499
		Drumian															Undillan	500.5
		Drumian															Floran	503
		Wuliuan															Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan															Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4															Ordian	509
																				510.8 *