PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126133 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Devonian of France	Cambrian of North America	Cenozoic Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian						Late Pleistocene				0.0117
				Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene			Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan						Middle Pleistocene			Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan						Early Pleistocene			Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian									Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene				2.58
				Zanclean							Early Pliocene				3.6
				Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Early Pliocene			Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene				5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
				Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Middle Miocene			Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian											13.82
				Burdigalian							Early Miocene				15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									Hemingfordian	16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene				23.03
						Monroecreekian									23.1 *
						Geringian									24.7 *
				Rupelian		Geringian					Early Oligocene				27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						Late Eocene			Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian							Late Eocene			Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian							Middle Eocene			Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						Early Eocene			Bridgerian	47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									Wasatchian	50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Late Paleocene			Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Late Paleocene			Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Middle Paleocene			Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian			To3/To2/To1				Middle Paleocene			Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian			To3/To2/To1				Early Paleocene			Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				Early Paleocene			Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
				Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
				Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
				Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
				Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
				Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian			100.5
												Middle Albian			106.2 *
												Early Albian			109.9 *
				Aptian								Late Aptian			113
				Aptian								Early Aptian			119.5 *
				Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
				Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
				Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
				Berriasian								Late Berriasian			139.8
												Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
												Early Berriasian			142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
				Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian					168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian					168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian					174.7
				Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
				Early Toarcian					182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
			Norian	Sevatian					208.5
				Alaunian					213.2 *
				Lacian					216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian					227
			Carnian	Julian					233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
			Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian					242
				Pelsonian					243.8 *
				Bithynian					244.7 *
				Aegean					245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian		251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian		Mapingian †	303.7
			Kasimovian			305.9
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian	Late Famennian		358.9
							Middle Famennian		365.3 *
							Early Famennian		368.5 *
			Frasnian			Frasnian	Late Frasnian		372.2
							Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
							Early Frasnian		379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	Late Givetian		382.7
							Middle Givetian		383.7 *
							Early Givetian		385.9 *
			Eifelian			Couvinien	Late Eifelian		387.7
			Eifelian				Early Eifelian		390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian		393.3
			Emsian				Early Emsian		398.3 *
			Pragian				Pragian		407.6
			Pragian			Coblencien	Pragian		408.2 *
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine	Late Lochkovian		410.8
							Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
			Katian					445.2
			Sandbian					453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian						Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian						Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian					Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan					Topazan		504.5
			Wuliuan					Delamaran		506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4					Dyeran		511 *
			Stage 3					Dyeran		514
								Montezuman		514.8 *
								Begadean		519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								538.8
		Cryogenian								635
		Tonian								720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								1000
		Ectasian								1200
		Calymmian								1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian								1600
		Orosirian								1800
		Rhyacian								2050
		Siderian			2300
Archean	Neoarchean				2500
	Mesoarchean				2800
	Paleoarchean				3200
	Eoarchean				3600
Hadean					4000
															4600