PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126133 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cambrian of Britain		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian Epochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		European Faunal Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian						Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene					Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan						Middle Pleistocene					Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan						Early Pleistocene					Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian											Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene				Villanyian		2.58
		Piacenzian							Late Pliocene				Ruscinian		3.1 *
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene						3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Early Pliocene					Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene				Turolian		5.333
		Tortonian											Turolian		7.246
													Vallesian		8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										Vallesian	Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Middle Miocene				Astaracian	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene				Orleanian		15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											Hemingfordian	16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										Arikareean	18.5
													Agenian		20
		Aquitanian											Agenian		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
				Monroecreekian											23.1 *
				Geringian											24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian					Early Oligocene		Kekeamuan				27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						Late Eocene		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian							Late Eocene		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan											Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan											Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						Early Eocene			Bumbanian		Bridgerian	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean											Wasatchian	50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1									Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Late Paleocene		Gashatan			Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Late Paleocene		Gashatan			Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Middle Paleocene					Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1				Middle Paleocene					Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1				Early Paleocene					Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				Early Paleocene					Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian					305.9
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
		Tremadocian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Late Cambrian		Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Stage 10		Festiniogian						489.2 *
		Jiangshanian								489.5
							Aksaian			490.7 *
							Sakian			492.2 *
				Maentwrogian						493.1 *
		Paibian								494
		Paibian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids		Middle Cambrian		Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian					Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan					Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai		Early Cambrian		Amgan/Solvan			509
							Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
							Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3					Botomian			514
		Stage 3					Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian			521
		Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian					Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
															538.8