PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126006 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Devonian of Germany	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Central Paratethys Stages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of Western Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian				Nihewanian				Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan								Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan								Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian										Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Yushean				Late Pliocene			2.58
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene			3.6
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian										Hemphillian	4.7
							Baodean							4.9
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian						Pannonian						7.246
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										Clarendonian	9.4
							Tunggurian							11.1
		Serravallian						Sarmatian			Middle Miocene			11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					Sarmatian					Barstovian	12.5
								Badenian						12.8 *
		Langhian					Shanwangian							13.82
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene			15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										Hemingfordian	16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				Xiejiaan						Hemingfordian	16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene			23.03
				Monroecreekian										23.1 *
				Geringian										24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian					Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene			27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene		Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene		Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene		Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan										Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							Bumbanian	Early Eocene		Bridgerian	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										Wasatchian	50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Gashatan		Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Gashatan		Late Paleocene		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1						Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1						Early Paleocene		Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						Early Paleocene		Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
		Asselian				Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Kuzel		298.9
						Stephanian		Stephanian C				300.3 *
								Stephanian B				300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian					Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian					Cantabrian	307
				Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
						Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian				Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2			Chokierian
			Arnsbergian			324 *
			Pendleian			327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †		330.9
			Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian	Siegen			407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine			410.8
														419.2