PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126130 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of Siberia			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian Subages	Cambrian of North America		Permian of the Pamirs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan																Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian																0.0117
		Late Pleistocene																Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian																Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan															Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan															Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian															Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Tertiary †										2.58
		Zanclean																	3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian															Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian															Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian															Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian															Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian															Hemingfordian	16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian														Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
				Monroecreekian															23.1 *
				Geringian															24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian												Kekeamuan			27.82
																		Whitneyan	29.5
																		Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian													Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian														Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian														Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan															Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan															Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian															Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian														Bumbanian	Bridgerian	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean															Wasatchian	50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1													Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1											Gashatan		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1											Gashatan		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1													Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1													Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1													Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1													Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian																	168.2
		Aalenian																	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Midian	259.51
		Wordian					Midian	264.28
		Wordian					Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian					Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian					Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian					Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian					Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian					Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian				358.9
				Middle Famennian				365.3 *
				Early Famennian				368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian				372.2
				Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
				Early Frasnian				379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian				382.7
				Middle Givetian				383.7 *
			Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian	410.8
			Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan			445.2
					Cautleyan			448.9 *
					Pusgillian			449.3 *
				Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
					Cheneyan				451.5 *
					Burrellian				452.7 *
		Sandbian							453
								Actonian †	453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian			Longvillian †		456.8 *
					Aurelucian			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian					470
					Whitlandian					471.1 *
					Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian					477.7
					Cressagian					480.8 *
					Cressagian	Mansian †				483.55 *
						Mansian †				485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Batyrbaian				Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
						Aksaian								490.7 *
						Sakian								492.2 *
													Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian												494
		Paibian									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian					Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian				Mayan/Menevian								499.5
		Drumian				Mayan/Menevian								500.5
		Wuliuan				Amgan/Solvan						Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan										Stage 5 †		Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Waucoban †		509
						Toyonian	Lenian †								510 *
						Toyonian								Dyeran	511 *
						Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3													514
														Montezuman	514.8 *
						Atdabanian								Montezuman	515.6 *
						Atdabanian								Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian									521
		Stage 2				Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian				Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †								529
																			538.8