PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of Britain		Permian of North America		Ordovician of the Baltic			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Wanganui	Haweran	Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene													Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian													Rancholabrean	0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan												Irvingtonian	0.21
														Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian														0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian												Blancan	1.4
														Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian												Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian												Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Mangapanian		2.58
		Piacenzian												Waipipian		3
		Zanclean												Waipipian		3.6
														Opoitian		3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian											Opoitian	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian												Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian														7.246
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian												Clarendonian	9.4
													Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian														11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian												Barstovian	12.5
														Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian												Lillburnian		13.82
														Clifdenian		15.1
													Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian														15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian												Hemingfordian	16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian											Arikareean	18.5
														Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian												Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian											Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
				Monroecreekian												23.1 *
				Geringian												24.7 *
														Duntroonian		25.2
														Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian												Chadronian	33.9
													Arnold	Runangan		34.6
														Kaiatan		36.7
															Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian														37.71
														Bortonian		39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian														41.2
													Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
														Heretaungan		45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian														47.8
														Mangaorapan		48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean											Mangaorapan	Wasatchian	50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean											Waipawan	Wasatchian	52
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1									Waipawan	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1									Teurian	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1										Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1										Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1										Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	61.6									Torrejonian
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian					Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian					Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
							Mangaotanean		90.5
							Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan		93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
							Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan		100.5
							Urutawan		103.3
						Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian					Korangan		113
		Aptian							117.5
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian					Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian							Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian		Wolfcampian					Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian							Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian							Nealian	293.52
		Asselian							Nealian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Kuzel	298.9
										Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
											Stephanian B	300.9 *
											Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian									Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian									Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian									Cantabrian	307
			Westphalian							Westphalian D	307.4 *
										Westphalian C	309.8
										Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian								Westphalian B	315.2
										Westphalian A	317 *
			Namurian							Yeadonian	318.8 *
										Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian			321.5 *
					Alportian			322 *
					Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chokierian			323.2
					Arnsbergian			324 *
					Pendleian			327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian		Brigantian †			330.9
			Livian		Asbian †			336.3 *
			Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian					346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian					353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian					Pirgu	445.2
							Vormsi	449.6 *
							Nabala	Johvi †		450 *
						Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
							Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian					Keila	Idavere †		453
							Haljala			453.9
							Kukruse			456.4 *
							Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku			458.4
							Lasnamagi			458.9 *
							Aseri			460.4 *
						Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
							Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
							Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian					Volkhov				467.3
		Dapingian					Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
								Latorp †			470.1 *
							Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian					Hunneberg				477.7
							Varangu				481.3 *
							Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Merioneth			Pakerort	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
								Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian						Festiniogian			489.5
		Jiangshanian						Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian						Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		St Davids							497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Caerfai							509
	Series 2	Stage 3									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
																538.8