PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126520 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cretaceous Subepochs	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of North America		Cambrian of Britain		Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene													Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian													Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan												Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan												Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian												Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian												Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian												Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian												Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian												Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian												Hemingfordian	16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian											Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
				Monroecreekian												23.1 *
				Geringian												24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian												27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian												Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian													Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian													Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan												Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian												Bridgerian	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean												Wasatchian	50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1										Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1										Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1										Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1										Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1										Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1										Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1										Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Senonian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Gallic							Late Albian			100.5
													Middle Albian			106.2 *
													Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian											Late Aptian			113
		Aptian											Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian											Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian				Neocomian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian											Late Berriasian			139.8
													Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
													Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian											Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian					Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian					Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian		174.7
							Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
							Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian					Sevatian		208.5
							Alaunian		213.2 *
							Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian					Tuvalian		227
		Carnian					Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Longobardian		237
		Ladinian					Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian		242
							Pelsonian		243.8 *
							Bithynian		244.7 *
							Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian			251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
		Wuchiapingian					254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Tatarian		Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Severodvinian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian							Urzhumian	Wordian	264.28
		Roadian					Kazanian		Povolzhian	Roadian	266.9
		Roadian					Kazanian		Sokian	Roadian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian				Irenian/Ufimian		Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
							Filipovian				276.5 *
							Saraninian				280.1 *
							Saraninian			Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian	Artinskian				Sarginian				283.5
							Irginian				285.9 *
							Irginian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
					Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian		Shikhanian		Nealian			293.52
					Uskalykian					294.8
					Surenian					297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
										Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Sunwaptan	487.5
										Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian										489.5
											Steptoean	493 *
										Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian								Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian		Albertian †		St Davids		497
		Drumian				Marjumian						500.5
		Wuliuan				Topazan						504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran		Waucoban †		Caerfai		509
		Stage 4				Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran						514
						Montezuman						514.8 *
				Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
																538.8