PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125929 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian					0.0042
		Greenlandian					0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean	0.129
						Irvingtonian	0.21
			Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian					0.774
						Blancan	1.4
			Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan				3.6
			Montehermosan				3.7 *
			Montehermosan			Hemphillian	4.7
			Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian					5.333
		Tortonian					7.246
			Chasicoan				7.9 *
			Chasicoan			Clarendonian	9.4
			Mayoan				9.9 *
			Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian					11.63
						Barstovian	12.5
			Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian	Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian				15.98
			Santacrucian				16.2 *
			Santacrucian			Hemingfordian	16.3
			Colhuehuapian			Hemingfordian	17.4 *
						Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian					20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					23.03
		Rupelian					27.82
			Tinguirirican				28.9 *
						Whitneyan	29.5
						Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian	33.9
			Divisaderan			Chadronian	35.9 *
						Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian					41.2
			Mustersan				41.9 *
						Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian					47.8
			Casamayoran				47.9 *
						Wasatchian	50.5
						Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican			Clarkforkian	56
			Riochican			Tiffanian	56.2
			Itaboraian				56.9 *
			Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian					59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian					61.6
			Tiupampan				62.4 *
			Tiupampan			Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian		66
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan		72.1
							83.6