PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Germany	Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian of the Salt Range	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian								Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
												Irvingtonian	0.21
			Ensenadan										0.3 *
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene		0.774
												Blancan	1.4
			Sanandresian	Uquian †									1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean								Late Pliocene		2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan								Late Pliocene		2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan								Early Pliocene		3.6
			Montehermosan										3.7 *
			Montehermosan									Hemphillian	4.7
			Huayquerian										4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
			Chasicoan										7.9 *
			Chasicoan									Clarendonian	9.4
			Mayoan										9.9 *
			Laventan										10.9 *
		Serravallian									Middle Miocene		11.63
												Barstovian	12.5
			Colloncuran										13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran										13.82
		Langhian	Friasian										15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian								Early Miocene		15.98
			Santacrucian										16.2 *
			Santacrucian									Hemingfordian	16.3
			Colhuehuapian									Hemingfordian	17.4 *
												Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan										20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian							Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene		27.82
			Tinguirirican										28.9 *
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
			Divisaderan									Chadronian	35.9 *
												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
			Mustersan										41.9 *
												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian								Bumbanian	Early Eocene		47.8
			Casamayoran										47.9 *
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican						Gashatan		Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
			Riochican									Tiffanian	56.2
			Itaboraian										56.9 *
			Peligran										58.9 *
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian									Early Paleocene		61.6
			Tiupampan										62.4 *
			Tiupampan									Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian			72.1
		Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			100.5
		Aptian			113
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
		Induan		251.2
		Induan		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Kathwai	251.902
					252.4 *
				Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian		Chhidru	254.14
				Kalabagh	255 *
				Wargal	256 *
					Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Urzhumian	264.28
							265.3 *
				Amb			266.1 *
		Roadian		Amb	Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian		Sokian	Kazanian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
					Filipovian		276.5 *
					Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
					Irginian		285.9 *
					Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
					Uskalykian		294.8
					Surenian		297.5
					Surenian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C		300.3 *
								Stephanian B		300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian						Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
			Westphalian C					309.8
			Westphalian B					314.6
		Bashkirian	Westphalian B					315.2
			Westphalian A					317 *
			Namurian				Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian				Brigantian †	330.9
			Livian				Asbian †	336.3 *
			Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian					346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian					353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian	Siegen						407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine						410.8
													419.2