PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of the Baltic				Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of China		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean	0.129
												Irvingtonian	0.21
			Ensenadan										0.3 *
		Calabrian											0.774
												Blancan	1.4
			Sanandresian	Uquian †									1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean										2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan										2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan										3.6
			Montehermosan										3.7 *
			Montehermosan									Hemphillian	4.7
			Huayquerian										4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
			Chasicoan										7.9 *
			Chasicoan									Clarendonian	9.4
			Mayoan										9.9 *
			Laventan										10.9 *
		Serravallian											11.63
												Barstovian	12.5
			Colloncuran										13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran										13.82
		Langhian	Friasian										15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian										15.98
			Santacrucian										16.2 *
			Santacrucian									Hemingfordian	16.3
			Colhuehuapian									Hemingfordian	17.4 *
												Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan										20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
			Tinguirirican										28.9 *
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian										Chadronian	33.9
			Divisaderan									Chadronian	35.9 *
												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
			Mustersan										41.9 *
												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian											47.8
			Casamayoran										47.9 *
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican									Clarkforkian	56
			Riochican									Tiffanian	56.2
			Itaboraian										56.9 *
			Peligran										58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian											61.6
			Tiupampan										62.4 *
			Tiupampan									Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Lancian/Edmontonian				66
		Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				100.5
		Aptian				113
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Couvinien		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Pragian		Coblencien		408.2 *
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian					Pirgu	445.2
			Vormsi				449.6 *
			Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
			Viru		Rakvere	450.6 *
					Oandu	452 *
		Sandbian			Keila	Idavere †	453
					Haljala		453.9
					Kukruse		456.4 *
					Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Uhaku		458.4
					Lasnamagi		458.9 *
					Aseri		460.4 *
			Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
					Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
					Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian			Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian			Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
						Latorp †		470.1 *
					Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian			Hunneberg			477.7
					Varangu			481.3 *
					Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Pakerort			Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Datsonian	485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
										Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian		Iverian	489.5
		Paibian						Paibian		Idamean	494
		Paibian						Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	Idamean	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian						Guzhangian		Boomerangian	499
		Drumian						Drumian		Undillan	500.5
		Drumian						Drumian		Floran	503
		Wuliuan						Wuliuan/Taijangian		Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan						Wuliuan/Taijangian		Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4						Duyunian		Ordian	509
		Stage 4						Duyunian			510.8 *
		Stage 3						Nangaoian			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Meishucunian			521
		Fortunian						Meishucunian			529
		Fortunian						Jinnigian			530.7
													538.8