International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
- J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
- P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
- J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
- W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
- A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.
This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections
| International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | South American Land Mammal Ages | Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe | Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia | Permian Subages of Germany | North American Land Mammal Ages | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quaternary | Holocene | Meghalayan | Saintaugustinean | 0 | ||||||
| Santarosean | 0.0004 | |||||||||
| Northgrippian | 0.0042 | |||||||||
| Greenlandian | 0.0082 | |||||||||
| Pleistocene | Late Pleistocene | Lujanian | Tarantian | 0.0117 | ||||||
| Rancholabrean | 0.014 | |||||||||
| Chibanian | Ionian | 0.129 | ||||||||
| Irvingtonian | 0.21 | |||||||||
| Ensenadan | 0.3 * | |||||||||
| Calabrian | 0.774 | |||||||||
| Blancan | 1.4 | |||||||||
| Sanandresian | Uquian † | 1.7 * | ||||||||
| Gelasian | 1.8 | |||||||||
| Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | Vorohuean | 2.58 | ||||||
| Chapadmalalan | 2.9 * | |||||||||
| Zanclean | 3.6 | |||||||||
| Montehermosan | 3.7 * | |||||||||
| Hemphillian | 4.7 | |||||||||
| Huayquerian | 4.9 * | |||||||||
| Miocene | Messinian | 5.333 | ||||||||
| Tortonian | 7.246 | |||||||||
| Chasicoan | 7.9 * | |||||||||
| Clarendonian | 9.4 | |||||||||
| Mayoan | 9.9 * | |||||||||
| Laventan | 10.9 * | |||||||||
| Serravallian | 11.63 | |||||||||
| Barstovian | 12.5 | |||||||||
| Colloncuran | 13.7 * | |||||||||
| Langhian | 13.82 | |||||||||
| Friasian | 15.4 * | |||||||||
| Burdigalian | 15.98 | |||||||||
| Santacrucian | 16.2 * | |||||||||
| Hemingfordian | 16.3 | |||||||||
| Colhuehuapian | 17.4 * | |||||||||
| Arikareean | 18.5 | |||||||||
| Aquitanian | 20.44 | |||||||||
| Deseadan | 20.9 * | |||||||||
| Paleogene | Oligocene | Chattian | Tabenbulakian | Hsandagolian | 23.03 | |||||
| Rupelian | Kekeamuan | 27.82 | ||||||||
| Tinguirirican | 28.9 * | |||||||||
| Whitneyan | 29.5 | |||||||||
| Orellan | 31.8 | |||||||||
| Eocene | Priabonian | Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian | Chadronian | 33.9 | ||||||
| Divisaderan | 35.9 * | |||||||||
| Duchesnean | 37 | |||||||||
| Bartonian | Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan | 37.71 | ||||||||
| Uintan | 39.7 | |||||||||
| Lutetian | 41.2 | |||||||||
| Mustersan | 41.9 * | |||||||||
| Bridgerian | 46.2 | |||||||||
| Ypresian | Bumbanian | 47.8 | ||||||||
| Casamayoran | 47.9 * | |||||||||
| Wasatchian | 50.5 | |||||||||
| Clarkforkian | 54.9 | |||||||||
| Paleocene | Thanetian | Riochican | Gashatan | 56 | ||||||
| Tiffanian | 56.2 | |||||||||
| Itaboraian | 56.9 * | |||||||||
| Peligran | 58.9 * | |||||||||
| Selandian | 59.2 | |||||||||
| Torrejonian | 60.9 | |||||||||
| Danian | 61.6 | |||||||||
| Tiupampan | 62.4 * | |||||||||
| Puercan | 63.8 | |||||||||
| Cretaceous | Late Cretaceous | Maastrichtian | 66 | |||||||
| Campanian | 72.1 | |||||||||
| Santonian | 83.6 | |||||||||
| Coniacian | 86.3 | |||||||||
| Turonian | 89.8 | |||||||||
| Cenomanian | 93.9 | |||||||||
| Early Cretaceous | Albian | 100.5 | ||||||||
| Aptian | 113 | |||||||||
| Barremian | 121.4 | |||||||||
| Hauterivian | 125.77 | |||||||||
| Valanginian | 132.6 | |||||||||
| Berriasian | 139.8 | |||||||||
| Jurassic | Late Jurassic | Tithonian | 145 | |||||||
| Kimmeridgian | 149.2 | |||||||||
| Oxfordian | 154.8 | |||||||||
| Middle Jurassic | Callovian | 161.5 | ||||||||
| Bathonian | 165.3 | |||||||||
| Bajocian | 168.2 | |||||||||
| Aalenian | 170.9 | |||||||||
| Early Jurassic | Toarcian | 174.7 | ||||||||
| Pliensbachian | 184.2 | |||||||||
| Sinemurian | 192.9 | |||||||||
| Hettangian | 199.5 | |||||||||
| Triassic | Late Triassic | Rhaetian | 201.4 | |||||||
| Norian | 208.5 | |||||||||
| Carnian | 227 | |||||||||
| Middle Triassic | Ladinian | 237 | ||||||||
| Anisian | 242 | |||||||||
| Early Triassic | Olenekian | 247.2 | ||||||||
| Induan | 251.2 | |||||||||
| Permian | Lopingian | Changhsingian | Buntsandstein | 251.902 | ||||||
| Wuchiapingian | 254.14 | |||||||||
| Guadalupian | Capitanian | Ohre/Aller | 259.51 | |||||||
| Wordian | Leine | 264.28 | ||||||||
| 266.9 | ||||||||||