PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			North American Land Mammal Ages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Sheridanian					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean						0.129
		Chibanian				Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
		Calabrian				Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan					0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan	Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †									2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean				Hemphillian	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian				Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian				Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					11.63
		Serravallian				Barstovian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
						Hemingfordian	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
						Arikareean	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
								Monroecreekian				23.1 *
								Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian						Geringian				27.82
						Whitneyan						29.5
						Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian				Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					47.8
						Wasatchian	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
						Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1			60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1			61.6
		Danian				Puercan			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian		100.5
										Middle Albian		106.2 *
										Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian		113
		Aptian								Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian		139.8
										Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
										Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian						174.7
				Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
				Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian		Sevatian						208.5
				Alaunian						213.2 *
				Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian						227
		Carnian		Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian						237
		Ladinian		Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian						242
				Pelsonian						243.8 *
				Bithynian						244.7 *
				Aegean						245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian						Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian				251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian								Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian								Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Artinskian									283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					Bursumian †				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian				298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian				303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian					Desmoinesian				307
		Moscovian					Atokan				312.7 *
		Bashkirian	315.2				Atokan
		Bashkirian	Morrowan			318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian			323.2
		Visean	Chesterian			330.9
			Meramecian			335.8 *
			Osagean			343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean			346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian			351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian			Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian			Paibian		494
		Paibian			Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †		497
		Drumian				Drumian	Wangcunian †		500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †	Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3					Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian					Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian					Jinnigian		530.7
												538.8