PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126520 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of China		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of the Baltic				Carboniferous of North America		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6															Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan																Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene																Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian																Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian																Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian																Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian																Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	2.58
		Zanclean																	3.6
		Zanclean																Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Tortonian																Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5															Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian																Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
																		Hemingfordian	16.3
																		Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4																23.03
		Rupelian																	27.82
																		Whitneyan	29.5
																		Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3															Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian																Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian																Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian																Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2															Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian																Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian																Bridgerian	47.8
																		Wasatchian	50.5
																		Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1															Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian																Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian																Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian																Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian																Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian																Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8																66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7																72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6																83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4																100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3																113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2																121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2																125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1																132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6																145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5																149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4																165.3
		Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras										168.2
		Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense										168.4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3						Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta										174.7
				Planulata	179.3 *
				Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Kanense		181.3 *
				Carlottense		182.3 *
				Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Kunae		184.2
				Freboldi		185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1				192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4				208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian					Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian					Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian					Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Chesterian	330.9
							Meramecian	335.8 *
							Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					Harju	Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
									Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
									Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
								Viru	Rakvere					450.6 *
									Rakvere		Cheneyan			451.5 *
									Oandu		Cheneyan			452 *
									Oandu		Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						Keila				Idavere †	453
									Keila			Actonian †		453.2 *
									Haljala			Actonian †		453.9
												Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †			455.2 *
									Kukruse						456.4 *
											Aurelucian				456.8 *
												Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
						Uhaku			Aluoja †			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Uhaku				Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		458.4
				Lasnamagi	458.9 *
				Aseri	460.4 *
				Aseri	Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn	461.3 *
				Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
						Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2								467.3
					Arenig					Fennian	468.4 *
						Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
								Latorp †			470.1 *
										Whitlandian	471.1 *
						Hunneberg				Whitlandian	473.7 *
										Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Tremadoc					Migneintian	477.7
										Cressagian	480.8 *
						Varangu					481.3 *
						Pakerort					482.2 *
											Mansian †		483.55 *
											Mansian †		485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5					Batyrbaian			Tavgian †		Ketyan †/Yurakian		Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
																	486.3 *
																	486.5
		Jiangshanian													Jiangshanian		489.5
								Aksaian									490.7 *
								Sakian									492.2 *
		Paibian													Paibian		494
													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian				494.7 *
													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4				Ayusokkanian						Guzhangian		Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian						Guzhangian			499.5
		Drumian					Mayan/Menevian						Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				Amgan/Solvan						Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Amgan/Solvan						Duyunian			509
							Toyonian	Lenian †								510 *
							Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2				Botomian						Nangaoian			514
		Stage 3					Atdabanian						Nangaoian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian						Meishucunian			521
		Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1					Manykaian †								529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1					Manykaian †					Jinnigian			530.7
																			538.8