PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126130 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cambrian of China		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene						Nihewanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene								Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene								Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene	Tertiary †					Yushean			2.58
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene									3.6
												Hemphillian	4.7
										Baodean			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
												Clarendonian	9.4
										Tunggurian			11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene									11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian								Shanwangian			13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene									15.98
												Hemingfordian	16.3
										Xiejiaan		Hemingfordian	16.9
												Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene									23.03
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene									27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene								Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian		Late Eocene								Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene								Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2									Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene								Bridgerian	47.8
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene								Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian		Late Paleocene								Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene								Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene								Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian		Early Paleocene								Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian		Early Paleocene								Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8										66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7										72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6										83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4										100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3										113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2										121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2										125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1										132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6										145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5										149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4										165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4										168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3			174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4			208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian						Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					Jaani	433.4
		Telychian						Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian		438.5				Adavere
		Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Niuchehean			Taoyuanian †	Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10			Niuchehean				Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian			Jiangshanian				Iverian	489.5
		Paibian			Paibian				Idamean	494
		Paibian			Paibian			Waergangian †/Youshuanian	Idamean	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		Series 3 †			Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian						Guzhangian		Boomerangian	499
		Drumian						Drumian		Undillan	500.5
		Drumian						Drumian		Floran	503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			Stage 5 †		Wuliuan/Taijangian		Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †		Wuliuan/Taijangian		Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4						Duyunian		Ordian	509
		Stage 4						Duyunian			510.8 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2					Nangaoian			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2					Meishucunian			521
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1					Meishucunian			529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1					Jinnigian			530.7
													538.8