PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126679 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Silurian Ages of Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran				Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
										Irvingtonian	0.21
						Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene		0.774
										Blancan	1.4
						Nukumaruan					1.63
		Gelasian				Nukumaruan					1.8
		Gelasian				Mangapanian					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian			Late Pliocene		2.58
		Piacenzian				Waipipian			Late Pliocene		3
		Zanclean				Waipipian			Early Pliocene		3.6
						Opoitian					3.7
						Opoitian				Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean			Late Miocene		5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian									7.246
										Clarendonian	9.4
					Southland	Waiauan					11.04
		Serravallian							Middle Miocene		11.63
										Barstovian	12.5
						Lillburnian					13.05
		Langhian				Lillburnian					13.82
						Clifdenian					15.1
					Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene		15.98
										Hemingfordian	16.3
										Arikareean	18.5
						Otaian					18.7
		Aquitanian				Otaian					20.44
		Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian					21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Waitakian			Late Oligocene		23.03
						Duntroonian					25.2
						Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian							Early Oligocene		27.82
										Whitneyan	29.5
										Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
					Arnold	Runangan					34.6
						Kaiatan					36.7
										Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene		37.71
						Bortonian					39.1
										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian									41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
						Heretaungan					45.7
										Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian							Early Eocene		47.8
						Mangaorapan					48.9
						Mangaorapan				Wasatchian	50.5
						Waipawan				Wasatchian	52
						Waipawan				Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Teurian			Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian							Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian							Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian							Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian	Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan		Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
					Mangaotanean			90.5
					Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan			93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
					Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan			100.5
					Urutawan			103.3
				Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian			Korangan			113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian						Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian						Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian						Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian						Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian						Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian						Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian						Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian						Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian							300.1
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Gleedonian			427.4
		Homerian	Whitwellian			429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian			Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian			Paibian		494
		Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian	Paibian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian		Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian		Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian		530.7
											538.8