PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of the Baltic			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Tarantian					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Tarantian				Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian								Ionian				Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian								Ionian				Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian												Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian												Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean												Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian												Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian												Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian												Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
														Hemingfordian	16.3
														Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian												Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian												Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian												Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian												Bridgerian	47.8
														Wasatchian	50.5
														Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian												Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian												Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian												Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian												Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian												Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian												66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan												72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	Pirgu	445.2
				Kralodvorian			Vormsi	449.6 *
				Berounian			Vormsi	449.7 *
							Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
			Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
					Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian			Keila		Idavere †	453
					Haljala			453.9
					Haljala			Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
					Kukruse					456.4 *
					Uhaku		Aluoja †			457.5 *
						Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
				Dobrotivian						458.5 *
				Dobrotivian	Lasnamagi					458.9 *
				Oretanian	Lasnamagi					459.7 *
					Aseri					460.4 *
					Aseri	Sarka †				461.7 *
			Oeland		Kunda					462.9 *
					Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum			464.3 *
					Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian				Klabava †					467.3
				Arenigian							468
					Billingen						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
							Latorp †				470.1 *
					Hunneberg						473.7 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadocian	Hunneberg						477.7
					Varangu						481.3 *
					Pakerort						482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Pakerort		Niuchehean				Taoyuanian †	485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
		Jiangshanian					Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					Paibian					494
		Paibian					Paibian				Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Guzhangian				Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian					Guzhangian					Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian					Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan					Wuliuan/Taijangian						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Duyunian					Branchian	509
		Stage 3					Nangaoian					Branchian	514
		Stage 3					Nangaoian					Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Meishucunian						521
		Fortunian					Meishucunian						529
		Fortunian					Jinnigian						530.7
															538.8