PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Silurian Ages of Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Obsolete Precambrian Ages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
				Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian									Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian									Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian									Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian									Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Tertiary †						2.58
				Zanclean										3.6
				Zanclean									Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
				Tortonian									Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian									Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian									Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian										13.82
				Burdigalian										15.98
													Hemingfordian	16.3
													Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian										20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
				Rupelian										27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian									Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian									Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian									Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian									Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian									Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian									Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian									Bridgerian	47.8
													Wasatchian	50.5
													Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian									Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian									Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian									Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian									Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian									Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian									Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian										72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
				Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites									168.2
				Bajocian		Humphresianum								168.4
				Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense								174.7
					Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	180.1
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum	182
				Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni	184.2
				Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi	192.9
				Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis	199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
				Norian		208.5
				Carnian		227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
				Wordian			264.28
				Roadian			266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
				Artinskian			283.5
				Sakmarian			290.1
				Asselian			293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
				Kasimovian			303.7
				Moscovian			307
				Bashkirian			315.2
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
				Visean			330.9
				Tournaisian			346.7
		Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
			Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
			Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
			Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
			Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
				Pragian			407.6
				Lochkovian			410.8
		Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
			Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
			Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
			Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian		427.4
				Homerian			Whitwellian		429.7 *
				Sheinwoodian					430.5
			Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
				Aeronian					438.5
				Rhuddanian				440.8
		Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
				Katian				445.2
				Sandbian				453
			Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
			Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
			Early Ordovician	Floian				470
			Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
		Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
				Jiangshanian				489.5
				Paibian				494
			Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †	497
				Drumian					500.5
				Wuliuan		Stage 5 †			504.5
			Series 2	Stage 4					509
			Series 2	Stage 3					514
			Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
			Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
														635