PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian of the Russian Platform		Silurian Ages of Europe	Ordovician of North America						Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan														Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan														Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene													Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian													Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian													Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian													Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian														Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean													Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean													Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian														Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian													Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian														Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian													Early Miocene		15.98
																Hemingfordian	16.3
																Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian													Early Oligocene		27.82
																Whitneyan	29.5
																Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian													Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian													Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian													Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian														Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian														Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian														Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian													Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
																Wasatchian	50.5
																Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian													Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian													Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian													Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian													Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian													Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian													Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras														168.2
		Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense														168.4
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta														174.7
			Planulata	179.3 *
			Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense		181.3 *
			Carlottense		182.3 *
			Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae		184.2
			Freboldi		185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian				192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian				Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian	254.14
						Laoshanian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
						Laibinian		Vyatkian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian		Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian				Urzhumian		Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian				Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian				Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Luodianian	273.01
							Filipovian		276.5 *
							Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
							Sarginian	Longlinian	285.4 *
							Irginian		285.9 *
							Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian				Asselian	Shikhanian	Zisongian	293.52
							Uskalykian		294.8
							Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Gzhelian							300.1
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian							Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian									Gamachian	445.2
											Richmondian	446 *
											Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
											Edenian		450.4 *
										Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian									Chatfieldian		453
											Turinian		453.7 *
										Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
		Dapingian			467.3
		Dapingian			Rangerian						469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †					Cassinian †	470
		Floian		Tulean							473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Tulean							477.7
				Stairsian							480.3 *
				Skullrockian						Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Skullrockian								Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Stage 10										Niuchehean		487.5
		Jiangshanian										Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian										Paibian		494
		Paibian										Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian										Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan										Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3										Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian										Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian										Jinnigian		530.7
																	538.8