PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

Show less time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of North America						Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene		0.0117
				Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian										Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian											Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene		2.58
				Zanclean										Early Pliocene		3.6
				Zanclean										Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene		5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
				Tortonian											Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian										Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian											Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian										Early Miocene		15.98
															Hemingfordian	16.3
															Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene		23.03
				Rupelian										Early Oligocene		27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian										Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian										Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian											Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian											Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian											Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian										Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
															Wasatchian	50.5
															Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian										Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian										Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian										Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian										Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian										Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian										Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras											168.2
				Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense											168.4
				Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta											174.7
Planulata					179.3 *
Planulata					Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
Kanense						181.3 *
Carlottense						182.3 *
Kunae						183.5 *
Kunae				Pliensbachian		184.2
Freboldi						185.1 *
Whiteavesi/Imlayi						Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras						Canadensis	190.3 *
				Sinemurian			192.9
Pseudaetomoceras					Psiloceras		196.4 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites				Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
			Norian				208.5
			Carnian				227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Meishanian	251.902
			Changhsingian				Baoqingian	253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian				Laibinian	257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				Lengwuan	259.51
			Wordian				Kuhfengian	264.28
			Roadian				Kuhfengian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian	273.01
			Artinskian				Luodianian	283.5
			Artinskian				Longlinian	285.4 *
			Sakmarian				Longlinian	290.1
			Asselian				Zisongian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian	298.9
			Gzhelian					300.1
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian						Gamachian	445.2
									Richmondian	446 *
									Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian		450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
									Turinian		453.7 *
								Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
			Dapingian									467.3
			Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian						Tulean				473.9 *
			Tremadocian						Tulean				477.7
									Stairsian				480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian				485.4
			Stage 10										487.5
			Jiangshanian										489.5
			Paibian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			497
			Drumian	500.5
			Wuliuan	504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	509
		Series 2	Stage 3	514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran			538.8
		Cryogenian			635
		Tonian			720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian			1000
		Ectasian			1200
		Calymmian			1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian			1600
		Orosirian			1800
		Rhyacian			2050
		Siderian			2300
Archean	Neoarchean				2500
	Mesoarchean				2800
	Paleoarchean				3200
	Eoarchean				3600
Hadean					4000
																4600