PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian						Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene			2.58
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene			3.6
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene		Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian							7.246
		Tortonian						Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene		Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian						Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian							13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene			15.98
								Hemingfordian	16.3
								Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene			23.03
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene			27.82
								Whitneyan	29.5
								Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene		Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian				Late Eocene		Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene		Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian						Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian						Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian						Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene		Bridgerian	47.8
								Wasatchian	50.5
								Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian				Late Paleocene		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian				Early Paleocene		Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian				Early Paleocene		Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras						168.2
		Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.4
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						174.7
			Planulata	179.3 *
			Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense		181.3 *
			Carlottense		182.3 *
			Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae		184.2
			Freboldi		185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras		186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian					192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras			196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Meishanian		251.902
		Changhsingian					Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian					Laoshanian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Laibinian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Lengwuan		259.51
		Wordian					Kuhfengian		264.28
		Roadian					Kuhfengian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian					Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian					Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian					Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian					Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Zisongian		298.9
									300.1