PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian												Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian													Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean												Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean												Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian													Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian												Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian													Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian												Early Miocene		15.98
															Hemingfordian	16.3
															Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian												Early Oligocene		27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian												Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian												Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian												Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian													Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian													Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian													Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian												Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
															Wasatchian	50.5
															Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian												Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian												Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian												Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian												Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian												Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan									145
		Kimmeridgian				Oteke	Puaroan									149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan									150
							Heterian									154.5
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Callovian					Temaikan									164.3
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras													168.2
		Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	Herangi	Ururoan	176
			Planulata			179.3 *
			Planulata			Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense				181.3 *
			Carlottense				182.3 *
			Kunae				183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae				184.2
			Freboldi				185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Aratauran			188.9
								189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras				Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian						192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian				Warepan		208.5
						Otamitan		217
						Oretian		221
		Carnian				Oretian		227
		Carnian			Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian				Etalian		238
		Anisian				Etalian		242
		Anisian				Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian		249
		Induan				Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan			DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan		Meishanian	251.902
						Waiitian		Meishanian	253.2
								Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian						Zechstein	Laoshanian	254.14
						Puruhauan			Laoshanian	254.2
						Puruhauan			Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian		Rotliegendes	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian				Flettian			Kuhfengian	264.28
		Wordian				Barettian				266
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Luodianian	273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian				276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian		Autunian		283.5
						Telfordian				285
						Telfordian			Longlinian	285.4 *
										288.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian							Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian								300.1
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
		Tremadocian								477.7
		Tremadocian					Mansian †			483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian			Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian	489.5			Batyrbaian
				Aksaian			490.7 *
				Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian	Paibian				494
							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian				494.7 *
							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian				Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian							Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian							Guzhangian		499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian							Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan							Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan							Duyunian		509
			Toyonian	Lenian †								510 *
			Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian							Nangaoian		514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian							Nangaoian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian							Meishucunian		521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian		Manykaian †								529
		Fortunian		Manykaian †						Jinnigian		530.7
																538.8